Category Archives: توریت – Torah

اللہ تعالی کی تجسیم

یہود میں الله کے لئے تجسیم کا عقیدہ ہے کیونکہ موجودہ توریت میں الله کو ایک مرد کی صورت بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کے آعضآ بھی ہیں – یہودی تصوف کی ایک قدیم کتاب جو بعثت نبوی سے قبل کی ہے اس کا نام کتاب شر قومہ ہے جس میں الله تعالی کے آعضآ کی پمائش بھی بیان کی گئی ہے – موجود توریت میں ہے

Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness.

پھر الله نے کہا ہم انسان کو اپنے عکس צֶ֫לֶם پر بنائیں گے –اپنی דְּמוּת مشابہت کے مطابق

Genesis 1:26

لفظ דְּמוּת کا ترجمہ مشابہت کے علاوہ یہود کے مطابق شکل اور تناسب بھی ہو سکتا ہے

لفظ צֶלֶם کا ترجمہ عکس کے علاوہ غیر مرئی چیز بھی کیا جاتا ہے

اس کے برعکس قرآن میں ہے

(فِیْ اَیِّ صُوْرَةٍ مَّاشَآئَ رَکَّبَکَ (الانفطار:8/82
جس صورت میں چاہا اس نے تجھے بنایا۔

صحیح بخاری کی حدیث منکر ہے

حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنْ هَمَّامٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: خَلَقَ اللَّهُ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ، طُولُهُ سِتُّونَ ذِرَاعًا، فَلَمَّا خَلَقَهُ قَالَ: اذْهَبْ فَسَلِّمْ عَلَى أُولَئِكَ، النَّفَرِ مِنَ المَلاَئِكَةِ، جُلُوسٌ، فَاسْتَمِعْ مَا يُحَيُّونَكَ، فَإِنَّهَا تَحِيَّتُكَ وَتَحِيَّةُ ذُرِّيَّتِكَ، فَقَالَ: السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْكُمْ، فَقَالُوا: السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ، فَزَادُوهُ: وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ، فَكُلُّ مَنْ يَدْخُلُ الجَنَّةَ عَلَى صُورَةِ آدَمَ، فَلَمْ يَزَلِ الخَلْقُ يَنْقُصُ بَعْدُ حَتَّى الآنَ

ہم سے یحییٰ بن جعفر نے بیان کیا، کہاہم سے عبد الرزاق نے بیان کیا، ان سے معمر نے ، ان سے ہمام نے اور ان سے حضرت ابو ہریرہ رضی اللہ عنہ نے کہ نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا

اللہ تعالیٰ نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر بنایا، ان کی لمبائی ساٹھ ہاتھ تھی ۔

جب انہیں پیدا کر چکا تو فرمایاکہ جاؤ اور ان فرشتوں کو جو بیٹھے ہوئے ہیں ، سلام کر واور سنو کہ تمہارے سلام کا کیا جواب دیتے ہیں، کیونکہ یہی تمہار ااور تمہاری اولاد کا سلام ہوگا۔ آدم علیہ السلام نے کہا السلام علیکم! فرشتوں نے جواب دیا، السلام علیک ورحمۃ اللہ ، انہوںنے آدم کے سلام پر ” ورحمۃ اللہ “ بڑھا دیا۔ پس جو شخص بھی جنت میں جائے گا حضرت آدم علیہ السلام کی صورت کے مطابق ہو کر جائے گا ۔ اس کے بعد سے پھر خلقت کا قد وقامت کم ہوتا گیا۔ اب تک ایسا ہی ہوتا رہا۔

http://maktaba.pk/hadith/bukhari/6227/

 

قرن دوم میں اللہ کی تجسیم سے متعلق ایک روایت چل رہی جو امام مالک کے کانوں تک بھی پہنچی – کتاب الضعفاء الكبير از امام العقيلي المكي (المتوفى: 322هـ) کے مطابق

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو زَيْدٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ أَبِي الْغِمْرِ، وَالْحَارِثُ بْنُ مِسْكِينٍ قَالَا: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ مَالِكًا عَمَّنْ يُحَدِّثُ بِالْحَدِيثِ الَّذِي قَالُوا: إِنَّ اللَّهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ، فَأَنْكَرَ ذَلِكَ مَالِكٌ إِنْكَارًا شَدِيدًا، وَنَهَى أَنْ يَتَحَدَّثَ بِهِ أَحَدٌ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: إِنَّ نَاسًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ يَتَحَدَّثُونَ بِهِ؟ فَقَالَ: مَنْ هُمْ، فَقِيلَ: مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَجْلَانَ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، فَقَالَ: لَمْ يَكُنْ يَعْرِفُ ابْنُ عَجْلَانَ هَذِهِ الْأَشْيَاءَ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ عَالِمًا، وَذُكِرَ أَبُو الزِّنَادِ فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ لَمْ يَزَلْ عَامِلًا لِهَؤُلَاءِ حَتَّى مَاتَ، وَكَانَ صَاحِبَ عُمَّالٍ يَتَّبِعُهُمْ

عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ کہتے ہیں میں نے امام مالک سے حدیث کے متعلق پوچھا کہ کس نے اس کو روایت کیا ہے جس میں ہے کہ الله نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر خلق کیا ؟ پس امام مالک نے اس حدیث کا شدت سے انکار کیا اور منع کیا کہ کوئی اس کو روایت کرے تو میں نے ان سے کہا کہ یہ اہل علم میں سے لوگ اس کو روایت کر رہے ہیں – امام مالک نے کہا کون ہیں وہ ؟ میں نے کہا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَجْلَانَ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ اس پر امام مالک نے کہا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَجْلَانَ کو ان چیزوں کا اتا پتا نہیں ہے اور نہ ہی کوئی عالم ہے اور أَبُو الزِّنَاد کا ذکر کیا کہ یہ تو ان کا (حکومت کا) عامل تھا – یہاں تک کہ مرا اور عمال کے لوگ اسکی اتباع کرتے ہیں

فقہ مالکیہ کی معتمد کتاب المدخل از ابن الحاج (المتوفى: 737هـ) کے مطابق

وَمِنْ الْعُتْبِيَّةِ سُئِلَ مَالِكٌ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ – عَنْ الْحَدِيثِ فِي جِنَازَةِ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ فِي اهْتِزَازِ الْعَرْشِ، وَعَنْ حَدِيثِ «إنَّ اللَّهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ» ، وَعَنْ الْحَدِيثِ فِي السَّاقِ فَقَالَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ -: لَا يُتَحَدَّثَنَّ بِهِ، وَمَا يَدْعُو الْإِنْسَانَ أَنْ يَتَحَدَّثَ بِهِ

اور الْعُتْبِيَّةِ میں ہے کہ امام مالک سے سوال ہوا حدیث کہ الله کا عرش معآذ کے لئے ڈگمگا گیا اور حدیث الله نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر خلق کیا اور حدیث پنڈلی والی – تو امام مالک رحمہ الله نے کہا یہ روایت نہ کرو اور نہ انسان کو اس کو روایت کرنے پر بلاو

کتاب أصول السنة، ومعه رياض الجنة بتخريج أصول السنة  از  ابن أبي زَمَنِين المالكي (المتوفى: 399هـ) کے مطابق

وَقَدْ حَدَّثَنِي إِسْحَاقُ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ لُبَابَةَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَد اَلْعتْبِي، عَنْ عِيسَى بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ عبد الرحمن بْنِ اَلْقَاسِمِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا يَنْبَغِي لِأَحَدٍ أَنْ يَصِفَ اَللَّهَ إِلَّا بِمَا وَصَفَ بِهِ نَفْسَهُ فِي اَلْقُرْآنِ، وَلَا يُشَبِّهُ يَدَيْهِ بِشَيْءٍ، وَلَا وَجْهَهُ بِشَيْءٍ، وَلَكِنْ يَقُولُ: لَهُ يَدَانِ كَمَا وَصَفَ نَفْسَهُ فِي اَلْقُرْآنِ، وَلَهُ وَجْهٌ كَمَا وَصَفَ نَفْسَهُ، يَقِفُ عِنْدَمَا وَصَفَ بِهِ نَفْسَهُ فِي اَلْكِتَابِ، فَإِنَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى لَا مِثْلَ لَهُ وَلَا شَبِيهَ وَلَكِنْ هُوَ اَللَّهُ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ كَمَا وَصَفَ نَفْسَهُ، وَيَدَاهُ مَبْسُوطَتَانِ كَمَا وَصَفَهَا: وَالْأَرْضُ جَمِيعًا قَبْضَتُهُ يَوْمَ اَلْقِيَامَةِ وَالسَّمَاوَاتُ مَطْوِيَّاتٌ بِيَمِينِهِكَمَا وَصَفَ نَفْسَهُ قَالَ: وَكَانَ مَالِكٌ يُعَظِّمُ أَنْ يُحَدِّثَ أَحَدٌ بِهَذِهِ اَلْأَحَادِيثِ اَلَّتِي فِيهَا: أَنَّ اَللَّهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ وَضَعَّفَهَا. 
عبد الرحمن بن القاسم رحمہ اللہ (191 ھ) فرماتے ہیں کہ “کسی کے لئے جائز نہیں کہ اللہ نے جو صفات قرآن میں بیان کئے ہیں ان کے علاوہ کسی صفت سے اللہ کو متصف کرے،اللہ کے ہاتھ سے کسی کے ہاتھ کی مشابہت نہیں ہے،اور نا ہی اللہ کا چہرہ کسی سے مشابہت رکھتا ہے ،بلکہ کہا ہے :اس کے ہاتھ جیسا اس نے قرآن میں وصف کیا ہے اور اس کا چہرہ جیسا اس نے اپنے آپ کو وصف کیا ہے — کیونکہ اللہ کا ہاتھ اور اللہ کا چہرہ ویسے ہی ہے جیسا کہ اللہ نے قرآن میں بیان کیا ہے،نہ تو کوئی اللہ کا مثل ہے اور نہ ہی کوئی اللہ کی شبیہ ہے بلکہ وہ الله ہے جس کے سوا کوئی اله نہیں ہے جیسا کہ اس نے بیان کیا ہے اور الله کے ہاتھ کھلے ہیں جیسا کہ اس نے کتاب الله میں بیان کیا ہے …. اور امام مالک اس کو بہت بڑی بات جانتے تھے کہ جب کوئی وہ حدیثیں بیان کرتا جن میں ہے کہ أَنَّ اَللَّهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ  اللہ نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر خلق کیا اور اس کی تضعیف کرتے

الغرض امام مالک   مطلقا اس خلق آدم علی صورتہ کو  قبول نہیں کرتے تھے اور وہ اس کو سنتے ہی رد کرتے تھے – امام احمد، امام اسحٰق ، امام بخاری امام مسلم  اس کو صحیح سمجھتے تھے

كتاب السنة از أبو بكر بن أبي عاصم وهو أحمد بن عمرو بن الضحاك بن مخلد الشيباني (المتوفى: 287هـ) کے مطابق  ایک  روایت ابن عباس رضی اللہ عنہ  نے بھی رد کی اور البانی سمجھتے ہیں  زیر بحث روایت ہو گی

ثنا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الأَعْلَى ثنا ابْنُ ثَوْرٍ عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ عن ابن طاووس عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: حَدَّثَ رَجُلٌ بِحَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ فَانْتَفَضَ: قال ابن عباس ما بال هؤلاء يجدّون (يحيدون) عند محكمه ويهلكون عند متشابهه.

البانی کے مطابق اغلبا الفاظ يحيدون ہیں اور يجدّون غیر محفوظ ہیں

ابن عباس رضی الله عنہ نے فرمایا يحيدون   جھٹک دو (رد کرو) جب کوئی  شخص   ابو ہریرہ رضی الله عنہ کی حدیث روایت کرے – ابن عباس نے کہا ان جیسوں کو کیا ہوا ہے کہ   محکمات سے ہٹ گئے اور متشابھات سے ہلاک ہوئے

البانی کتاب ظِلال الجنة في تخريج السنة میں  کہتے ہیں

يعني استنكارا لما سمع من حديث أبي هريرة, ولم أقف على من نبه على المراد بهذا الحديث, ويغلب على الظن أنه حديث “إن اللَّهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ” وهو حديث صحيح, مخرج في “سلسلة الأحاديث الصحيحة” 860.

یعنی انکار کیا جب ابو ہریرہ رضی الله عنہ کی حدیث سنی اور میں نہیں جان سکا کہ کون سی  حدیث  مراد تھی جس  کی خبر دی اور جو گمان غالب ہے وہ یہ کہ یہ حدیث ہے کہ الله نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر پیدا کیا اور یہ حدیث صحیح ہے اس کی تخریج الصحیحہ  ٨٦٠ میں کی ہے

صحیح بخاری  حدیث نمبر:

6227

حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ عَنْ هَمَّامٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «خَلَقَ اللَّهُ آدَمَ عَلَى صُورَتِهِ، طُولُهُ سِتُّونَ ذِرَاعًا، 

ہم سے یحییٰ بن جعفر نے بیان کیا، کہا ہم سے عبدالرزاق نے بیان کیا، ان سے معمر نے، ان سے ہمام نے اور ان سے ابوہریرہ رضی اللہ عنہ نے کہ نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا اللہ تعالیٰ نے آدم کو اپنی صورت پر بنایا، ان کی لمبائی ساٹھ ہاتھ تھی۔ 

  امام بخاری نے عرش عظیم کے ڈگمگانے والی روایت نقل کی ، اور اللہ تعالی’ کا دیوتا کی صورت اختیار کرنے کو بھی نقل کیا- افسوس کہ معلوم نہ ہو سکا کہ  یہ تحقیق میں امام بخاری سے غلطی ہوئی یا ان کو ائمہ حدیث کو حکم نہیں پہنچا کہ  امام بخاری نے ان  مردود روایات کو نقل کیا اور جامع الصحیح کی زینت بنا دیا – اس سے اس قسم کی متروک روایات عوام میں پھیل گئیں

روز محشر الله تعالی محسم ہو کر کسی ایسی صورت میں بھی آئیں گے جس کو مومن پہچانتے ہوں؟
صحیح بخاری کی حدیث ہے
ہم سے عبدالعزیز بن عبداللہ اویسی نے بیان کیا، کہا ہم سے ابراہیم بن سعد نے بیان کیا، ان سے ابن شہاب نے، ان سے عطاء بن یزید لیثی نے اور ان سے ابوہریرہ رضی اللہ عنہ نے بیان کیا کہ لوگوں نے پوچھا: یا رسول اللہ! کیا ہم قیامت کے دن اپنے رب کو دیکھیں گے؟ نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے پوچھا، کیا چودھویں رات کا چاند دیکھنے میں کوئی دشواری ہوتی ہے؟ لوگوں نے عرض کیا نہیں یا رسول اللہ! پھر آپ نے پوچھا کیا جب بادل نہ ہوں تو تمہیں سورج کو دیکھنے میں کوئی دشواری ہوتی ہے؟ لوگوں نے کہا نہیں یا رسول اللہ! نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا کہ پھر تم اسی طرح اللہ تعالیٰ کو دیکھو گے قیامت کے دن اللہ تعالیٰ لوگوں کو جمع کرے گا اور فرمائے گا کہ تم میں جو کوئی جس چیز کی پوجا پاٹ کیا کرتا تھا وہ اس کے پیچھے لگ جائے۔ چنانچہ جو سورج کی پوجا کرتا تھا وہ سورج کے پیچھے ہو جائے گا، جو چاند کی پوجا کرتا تھا وہ چاند کے پیچھے ہو جائے گا اور جو بتوں کی پوجا کرتا تھا وہ بتوں کے پیچھے لگ جائے گا

 

پھر یہ امت باقی رہ جائے گی اس میں بڑے درجہ کے شفاعت کرنے والے بھی ہوں گے یا منافق بھی ہوں گے ابراہیم کو ان لفظوں میں شک تھا۔ پھر اللہ ان کے پاس آئے گا اور فرمائے گا کہ میں تمہارا رب ہوں، وہ جواب دیں گے کہ ہم یہیں رہیں گے۔ یہاں تک کہ ہمارا رب آ جائے، جب ہمارا رب آ جائے گا تو ہم اسے پہچان لیں گے۔ چنانچہ اللہ تعالیٰ ان کے پاس اس صورت میں آئے گا جسے وہ پہچانتے ہوں گے اور فرمائے گا کہ میں تمہارا رب ہوں، وہ اقرار کریں گے کہ تو ہمارا رب ہے۔

 

چنانچہ وہ اس کے پیچھے ہو جائیں گے اور دوزخ کی پیٹھ پر پل صراط نصب کر دیا جائے گا اور میں اور میری امت سب سے پہلے اس کو پار کرنے والے ہوں گے اور اس دن صرف انبیاء بات کر سکیں گے اور انبیاء کی زبان پر یہ ہو گا۔ اے اللہ! مجھ کو محفوظ رکھ، مجھ کو محفوظ رکھ۔ اور دوزخ میں درخت سعدان کے کانٹوں کی طرح آنکڑے ہوں گے۔ کیا تم نے سعدان دیکھا ہے؟ لوگوں نے جواب دیا کہ جی ہاں، یا رسول اللہ! تو نبی کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا کہ وہ سعدان کے کانٹوں ہی کی طرح ہوں گے البتہ وہ اتنے بڑے ہوں گے کہ اس کا طول و عرض اللہ کے سوا اور کسی کو معلوم نہ ہو گا۔ وہ لوگوں کو ان کے اعمال کے بدلے میں اچک لیں گے تو ان میں سے کچھ وہ ہوں گے جو تباہ ہونے والے ہوں گے اور اپنے عمل بد کی وجہ سے وہ دوزخ میں گر جائیں گے یا اپنے عمل کے ساتھ بندھے ہوں گے اور ان میں بعض ٹکڑے کر دئیے جائیں گے یا بدلہ دئیے جائیں گے یا اسی جیسے الفاظ بیان کئے۔ پھر اللہ تعالیٰ تجلی فرمائے گا اور جب بندوں کے درمیان فیصلہ کر کے فارغ ہو گا اور دوزخیوں میں سے جسے اپنی رحمت سے باہر نکالنا چاہے گا تو فرشتوں کو حکم دے گا کہ جو اللہ کے ساتھ کسی کو شریک نہیں ٹھہراتے تھے انہیں دوزخ سے باہر نکالیں، یہ وہ لوگ ہوں گے جن پر اللہ تعالیٰ رحم کرنا چاہے گا۔ ان میں سے جنہوں نے کلمہ لا الہٰ الا اللہ کا اقرار کیا تھا۔ چنانچہ فرشتے انہیں سجدوں کے نشان سے دوزخ میں پہچانیں گے۔ دوزخ ابن آدم کا ہر عضو جلا کر بھسم کر دے گی سوا سجدہ کے نشان کے، کیونکہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے دوزخ پر حرام کیا ہے کہ وہ سجدوں کے نشان کو جلائے (یا اللہ! ہم گنہگاروں کو دوزخ سے محفوظ رکھیو ہم کو تیری رحمت سے یہی امید ہے) چنانچہ یہ لوگ دوزخ سے اس حال میں نکالے جائیں گے کہ یہ جل بھن چکے ہوں گے۔ پھر ان پر آب حیات ڈالا جائے گا اور یہ اس کے نیچے سے اس طرح اگ کر نکلیں گے جس طرح سیلاب کے کوڑے کرکٹ سے سبزہ اگ آتا ہے۔ پھر اللہ تعالیٰ بندوں کے درمیان فیصلہ سے فارغ ہو گا۔ ایک شخص باقی رہ جائے گا جس کا چہرہ دوزخ کی طرف ہو گا، وہ ان دوزخیوں میں سب سے آخری انسان ہو گا جسے جنت میں داخل ہونا ہے۔ وہ کہے گا: اے رب! میرا منہ دوزخ سے پھیر دے کیونکہ مجھے اس کی گرم ہوا نے پریشان کر رکھا ہے اور اس کی تیزی نے جھلسا ڈالا ہے۔ پھر اللہ تعالیٰ سے وہ اس وقت تک دعا کرتا رہے گا جب تک اللہ چاہے گا۔ پھر اللہ تعالیٰ فرمائے گا کیا اگر میں تیرا یہ سوال پورا کر دوں گا تو تو مجھ سے کچھ اور مانگے گا؟ وہ کہے گا نہیں، تیری عزت کی قسم! اس کے سوا اور کوئی چیز نہیں مانگوں گا اور وہ شخص اللہ رب العزت سے بڑے عہد و پیمان کرے گا۔ چنانچہ اللہ اس کا منہ دوزخ کی طرف سے پھیر دے گا۔ پھر جب وہ جنت کی طرف رخ کرے گا اور اسے دیکھے گا تو اتنی دیر خاموش رہے گا جتنی دیر اللہ تعالیٰ اسے خاموش رہنے دینا چاہے گا۔ پھر وہ کہے گا: اے رب! مجھے صرف جنت کے دروازے تک پہنچا دے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ فرمائے گا کیا تو نے وعدہ نہیں کیا تھا کہ جو کچھ میں نے دیا ہے اس کے سوا اور کچھ کبھی تو نہیں مانگے گا؟ افسوس ابن آدم تو کتنا وعدہ خلاف ہے۔ پھر وہ کہے گا: اے رب! اور اللہ سے دعا کرے گا۔ آخر اللہ تعالیٰ پوچھے گا کیا اگر میں نے تیرا یہ سوال پورا کر دیا تو اس کے سوا کچھ اور مانگے گا؟ وہ کہے گا تیری عزت کی قسم! اس کے سوا اور کچھ نہیں مانگوں گا اور جتنے اللہ چاہے گا وہ شخص وعدہ کرے گا۔ چنانچہ اسے جنت کے دروازے تک پہنچا دے گا۔ پھر جب وہ جنت کے دروازے پر کھڑا ہو جائے گا تو جنت اسے سامنے نظر آئے گی اور دیکھے گا کہ اس کے اندر کس قدر خیریت اور مسرت ہے۔ اس کے بعد اللہ تعالیٰ جتنی دیر چاہے گا وہ شخص خاموش رہے گا۔ پھر کہے گا: اے رب! مجھے جنت میں پہنچا دے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ اس پر کہے گا کیا تو نے وعدہ نہیں کیا تھا کہ جو کچھ میں نے تجھے دے دیا ہے اس کے سوا تو اور کچھ نہیں مانگے گا۔ اللہ تعالیٰ فرمائے گا افسوس! ابن آدم تو کتنا وعدہ خلاف ہے۔ وہ کہے گا: اے رب! مجھے اپنی مخلوق میں سب سے بڑھ کر بدبخت نہ بنا۔ چنانچہ وہ مسلسل دعا کرتا رہے گا یہاں تک کہ اللہ تعالیٰ اس کی دعاؤں پر ہنس دے گا، جب ہنس دے گا تو اس کے متعلق کہے گا کہ اسے جنت میں داخل کر دو۔ جنت میں اسے داخل کر دے گا تو اس سے فرمائے گا کہ اپنی آرزوئیں بیان کر، وہ اپنی تمام آرزوئیں بیان کر دے گا۔ یہاں تک کہ اللہ تعالیٰ اسے یاد دلائے گا۔ وہ کہے گا کہ فلاں چیز، فلاں چیز، یہاں تک کہ اس کی آرزوئیں ختم ہو جائیں گی تو اللہ تعالیٰ فرمائے گا کہ یہ آرزوئیں اور انہی جیسی تمہیں ملیں گی

اس روایت میں الفاظ ایسے ہیں جو رب العالمین کی تجسیم کی طرف مائل ہیں
الله تعالی روز محشر اپنے عرش پر ہوں گے جیسا قرآن میں ہے اور اس کا اس عرش کو چھوڑ کر مجسم ہو کر انسانوں کے پاس آنا کیسے ہو گا ؟ جبکہ تمام انسانیت اس وقت الله کے آگے سر جھکانے کھڑی ہو گی اور کوئی آواز نہ ہو گی سوائے رب العالمین کے کلام کے
یہ روایت صحیح بخاری  میں اسی  طرق سے اتی ہے جس میں غالی اہل سنت ہیں

إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ کی سند
إبراهيم بن سعد بن إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن بن عوف المتوفی ١٨٤ ھ یا ١٨٥ ھ
امام المحدثین يحيى بن سعيد القطان اس راوی کے سخت خلاف ہیں
امام احمد کے بیٹے العلل میں بتاتے ہیں کہ
قال عبد الله بن أحمد: حدثني أبي. قال: ذكرنا عند يحيى بن سعيد حديثا من حديث عقيل. فقال لي يحيى: يا أبا عبد الله، عقيل وإبراهيم بن سعد!! عقيل وإبراهيم بن سعد!! كأنه يضعفهما. قال أبي: وأي شيء ينفعه من ذا، هؤلاء ثقات، لم يخبرهما يحي. «العلل» (282 و2475 و3422) .
میرے باپ نے ذکر کیا کہ یحیی کے سامنے عقیل کی حدیث کا ہم نے ذکر کیا انہوں نے کہا اے ابو عبد الله عقیل اور ابراہیم بن سعد، عقیل اور ابراہیم بن سعد جیسا کہ وہ تضعیف کر رہے ہوں
کتاب سیر الاعلام النبلاء کے مطابق
كَانَ وَكِيْعٌ كَفَّ عَنِ الرِّوَايَةِ عَنْهُ، ثُمَّ حَدَّثَ عَنْهُ.
وَكِيْعٌ اس کی روایت سے رکے رہے پھر روایت کرنا شروع کر دیا
اس کے برعکس امام عقیلی کہتے ہیں بحوالہ إكمال تهذيب الكمال في أسماء الرجال از مغلطاي
ذكره العقيلي في كتاب ” الجرح والتعديل ” قال: قال عبد الله بن أحمد بن حنبل قال أبي: حدثنا وكيع مرة عن إبراهيم بن سعد، ثم قال: أجيزوا عليه وتركه بأخرة.
عقیلی نے اس کا ذکر کتاب الجرح والتعديل میں کیا اور کہا کہ عبد الله نے کہا کہ امام احمد نے کہا وكيع نے ایک بار ابراہیم سے روایت کیا پھر کہا اور … آخر میں بالکل ترک کر دیا
قَالَ صَالِحُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ جَزَرَةُ: سَمَاعُهُ مِنَ الزُّهْرِيِّ لَيْسَ بِذَاكَ، لأَنَّهُ كَانَ صَغِيْراً.
صَالِحُ بنُ مُحَمَّدٍ جَزَرَةُ نے کہا اس کا سماع امام الزہری ویسا (اچھا نہیں) ہے کیونکہ یہ چھوٹا تھا
تاریخ الاسلام میں الذھبی نے جزرہ کا قول پیش کیا کہ كَانَ صغيرا حين سمع من الزهري انہوں نے بچپنے میں الزہری سے سنا
کتاب إكمال تهذيب الكمال في أسماء الرجال از مغلطاي کے مطابق أبي عبد الرحمن السلمي نے کہا
قدم إبراهيم العراق سنة أربع وثمانين ومائة، فأكرمه الرشيد وأظهر بره، وتوفي في هذه السنة، وله خمس وسبعون سنة.
ابراہیم عراق سن ١٨٤ ھ میں پہنچے ان کی الرشید نے عزت افزائی کی اور اسی سال انتقال ہوا اور یہ ٧٥ سال کے تھے
اس دور میں عراقیوں نے ان سے روایات لیں جن پر امام یحیی بن سعید القطان اور امام وکیع کو اعتراض تھا اور انہوں نے ان کو ترک کیا لیکن امام احمد امام ابن معین نے ان کی روایات لے لیں اور اسی طرح امام بخاری و مسلم کے شیوخ نے بھی لے لیں

حمورابی کوڈ اور توریت

کیا  توریت کے  احکام اصلا حمورابی  کے احکام کا چربہ ہیں ؟ بعض لوگ کہتے ہیں  موسی علیہ السلام  ایک فرضی کردار ہے کیونکہ قدیم تاریخ  میں ان کا ذکر نہیں اور آرکیالوجی سے بھی کچھ دریافت نہیں ہوا

جواب

حمورابی  نے میسوپوتما یا بابل  پر ١٧٩٢ سے ١٧٥٠  تک ٤٢ سال  حکومت کی یعنی عیسیٰ سے 18 صدیوں پہلے- حمورابی کے ٣٥٠ سال بعد پیدا ہونے والے بنی اسرائیلی نبی موسی علیہ السلام  یہودی روایات کے مطابق  ١٣٩٣ ق م میں پیدا ہوئے اور ١٢٧٣ ق م میں وفات پا گئے

حمورابی کوڈ ٣٠٠ قوانین پر مشتمل  ایک تحریر ہے جو  ستون پر درج  ہے جس کے تین مختلف ٹکڑے تھے ان hamurabiCodeکو سوس ایران  کے شہر سے فرانسیسی محققین نے دریافت کیا – ستون پر حمورابی بابلی  خدائے سما و ارض شمس کے سامنے ہاتھ باندہے کھڑا ہے اور احکام لے رہا ہے –

 حمورابی کا کوڈ بابلی عقیدے کے مطابق خدا شمس کا عطا کردہ ہے نہ کہ حمورابی کی ذاتی کاوش لہذا یہ بابل کا الہامیادب ہے –  توریت کے احکام الله تعالی یا یہوی کے عطا کردہ ہیں – بعض احکام میں مماثلت ہے مثلا

حمورابی کوڈ توریت کے احکام 
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٢٠٦ خروج باب ٢١ آیت  ١٨ تا ١٩

شروع میں کہا گیا کہ  توریت حمورابی کے قوانین کا ایک چربہ ہے لیکن اب اس   تھیوری کو رد کر دیا گیا ہے اس کی وجہ ہے تین چار کے علاوہ حمورابی کوڈ میں سخت سزایں  توریت سے زیادہ ہیں مثلا   چوری کی سزا ١٠  سے ٣٠ گنا مال واپس دینا بصورت دیگر قتل ہے- توریت میں ایسا نہیں ہے – اس میں سخت قوانین ہیں لیکن حمورابی  کوڈ اس سے بھی سخت ہے

جو چیز ایک دور میں قبولیت عامہ اختیار کر لے اس کو معروف کہا جاتا ہے اور ابراہیمی ادیان میں اسی معروف پر بھی عمل ہوتا ہے اور یہی قانونی شکل لیتا ہے – حمورابی کوڈ یا توریت ایک ایسے دور میں ہیں جن میں معاشروں کی بقا کے لئے سخت قوانین کو اپنانا ضروری تھا اور یہی اس دور میں انسانی ذہن کے لئے قابل قبول تھا – ملحدین کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ موسی کو دشت میں بنی اسرائیل پر کنٹرول کے لئے سخت قوانین درکار تھے لیکن بابل  کے کشادہ و فارغ البال  ملک میں اس قسم کے سخت احکام کیوں  لگائے گئے ؟ اس کے جواب میں یہی مضمر ہے کہ اس دور میں قبولیت عامہ اسی جیسے قواینن کو تھی  لہذا چند قوانین میں مماثلت اصلا نقل یا سرقه نہیں

موسی علیہ السلام پر فراعنہ مصر کی تحریریں خاموش ہیں-  نہ کتبوں پر کچھ ملا نہ تابوتوں پر نہ دیواروں پر نہ کھنڈرووں میں ان کے بارے میں کچھ ملا – ایسا کیوں ہوا ؟ اس کا جواب ہے کہ  موسی ایک فرد ہیں اور فرعونوں کے خاندان سے نہیں – کیا فراعنہ مصر کے علاوہ  کسی اور شخصیت کا ذکر  ملا؟  نہیں ملا – کیونکہ بادشاہتوں میں رویل فیملی ہی کی اہمیت ہوتی ہے اور مخالفین کا ذکر نہیں ہوتا الا یہ کہ وہ کوئی مشھور بادشاہ ہو- موسی علیہ السلام ایک غریب و غلام قوم کے شخص تھے  ان کا نام و نسب فرآعنہ مصر کیوں لکھواتے؟  کہا جاتا ہے  یونانی مورخ ہیروڈوٹس

Herodotus

  جو تاریخ مصر میں طاق تھے انہوں بھی موسی کا ذکر نہیں کیا- لیکن کیا ہیروڈوٹس   جو ٤٨٤ ق م میں پیدا ہوئے کیا تمام مصر کی تاریخ لکھ گئے یا صرف اپنے زمانے کی ہی لکھ پائے اور ان یونانی مورخین نے جو تاریخی غلطیاں کی ہیں ان کا ذکر ہم کیوں بھول جاتے ہیں ؟ ہیروڈوٹس کو جھوٹ کا باپ بھی کہا جاتا ہے – اس کے بقول ایران میں لومڑی کے سائز کی چونٹی ہوتی ہے جو سونا  پھیلاتی ہیں جب زمین میں سوراخ کرتی ہیں تاریخ کتاب 3 اقتباس ١٠٢  تا ١٠٥ – اسی قسم  کے  قول  کو مفسرین نے سوره  النمل میں سلیمان علیہ السلام سے کلام کرنے والی چیونٹی کی  تفسیر  کے لئے استمعال کیا (ابن کثیر تفسیر میں لکھتے ہیں أَوْرَدَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ مِنْ طَرِيقِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ بِشْرٍ عَنْ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ أَنَّ اسْمَ هَذِهِ النَّمْلَةِ حَرَسُ، وَأَنَّهَا مِنْ قَبِيلَةٍ يُقَالُ لَهُمْ بَنُو الشَّيْصَانِ، وأنها كانت عرجاء، وكانت بقدر الذئب ابن عساکر نے اسحاق بن بشر عن سعید عن قتادہ عن حسن کی سند سے روایت کیا ہے کہ وہ چیونٹی لومڑی کے سائز کی تھی- یہ ابن کثیر کی غلطی ہے کیونکہ اس کی سند میں اسحاق بن بشر ہے جو قصہ گو ہے اور ضعیف ہے بلکہ محدثین کہتے ہیں موضوعآت بیان کرتا ہے)–  بابل اور مصر کے حوالے سے موصوف نے کافی زمین و آسمان کے قلابے ملائے اور ارکیلوجی سے ثابت ہوا کہ یہ سب فرضی قصے تھے – لق و دق  میسوپوتما کے شہروں کو ٹروپیکل جزیروں کی شکل میں پیش کرنا انہی کا فن تھا – بحر الحال قصہ مختصر بندر کی بلا طویلے کے سر کا مقولہ مشھور ہے –

pyramids

آرکیالوجی سے ثابت ہو چکا ہے کہ مصر میں غلامی زوروں پر تھی اور تقریبا تمام دنیا میں ہی غلامی تھی – بعض عرب مفکروں مثلا دکتور نديم عبد الشافى السيار نے یہ شوشہ چھوڑا کہ مصر میں بنی اسرائیل غلام نہیں تھے اور قدماء فراعنہ مصر موحد تھے –  مصر پر تحقیق کرنے والے مغربی محققین کے خیال میں صرف ایک فرعون بنام اخناتوں

Akhenaten

میں اس عقیدے کا اثر تھا اس کی موت کے بعد اس کی تصویریں مقابر و مندروں میں توڑی گئیں اور اس کی توحید یہ تھی کہ صرف  اتان  دیوتا کی پوجا ہو – اس سے پہلے اوربعد میں کسی فرعون کے لئے یہ عقیدہ نہیں ملتا-  الغرض اگر کسی ممی کے سر کی ہڈی پردراڑ ہو تو محققین اس پر پوری قتل کی کہانی بنا دیتے ہیں اور یہ مصر پر تحقیق کا انداز ہے اس میں کوئی چیز حتمی نہیں ہے بلکہ تھیوری ہے – ایک نشان سے رائی کا پربت بنا دیا جاتا ہے- قدیم تاریخ لکھنے سے بھی پہلے کی باتیں ثابت نہ ہوں تو ان کا انکار نہیں کیا جا سکتا – دوم جتنی بھی قدیم تاریخیں ہیں  وہ سب بائبل سے لی گئی ہیں زمین کی عمر یہود کے مطابق ٦٠٠٠ سال کے قریب  ہے  لہذآ جو بھی واقعہ قدیم دور کا بتایا جاتا ہے وہ اسی مدت کے اندر کا ہی ہوتا ہے اس کی وجہ ہے کہ مغربی محققین چاہے ملحد ہوں یا لا دین یا بے دین یا عقیدہ رکھنے والے ان  کے پاس قدیم تحریروں میں بائبل ہی ایک ذریعہ ہے جس سے  یہ تمام تواریخ مقرر کی گئی ہیں- لہذا  جملہ معترضہ کے طور پر کہا جا سکتا ہے کہ یہ کیا انصاف ہے کہ بائبل کے نام نہاد مصنف موسی   کو فرضی کہا جائے اور ان کی کتاب سے قدیم تاریخ مقرر کی جاتی ہے- قدیم مصر کی تواریخ

Manetho

سے منسوب ہے جو 3 قبل مسیح کا ایک مصری پروہیت  تھا اور کہا جاتا ہے  فراعنہ مصر کے دین پر تھا – اس دور میں آرکیالوجی نہیں تھی لیکن اس کی مقرر کردہ تاریخ میں کھینچ تان کر کے اس کو ایسے پیش کیا جاتا ہے جیسے یہ ایک مستند ذریعہ ہو- کہنے کا مقصد ہے جس چیز میں خود جھول ہو اس کی بنیاد پر الہامی کتب کو رد کرنا سفیہانہ عمل ہے

توریت کے تین حکم

مدینہ میں رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم  کے مد مقابل ٹھیٹھ مولوی تھے جنہوں نے دین کو پیشہ بنا رکھا تھا اور کتاب الله یعنی توریت کو چھپایا جاتا اور اس کے مقابلے پر اپنا مسلک و روایت پیش کی جاتی – مدینے میں رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم حاکم تھے اور کئی موقعوں پر آپ نے یہود کو دین کی طرف بلایا اور صحیح بخاری کے مطابق ان کے مدارس بھی گئے

صحیح بخاری کی حدیث ہے

أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: بَيْنَمَا نَحْنُ فِي المَسْجِدِ، خَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: «انْطَلِقُوا إِلَى يَهُودَ»، فَخَرَجْنَا حَتَّى جِئْنَا بَيْتَ المِدْرَاسِ فَقَالَ:  أَسْلِمُوا تَسْلَمُوا، وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ الأَرْضَ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ

ابو ہریرہ رضی الله عنہ سے مروی ہے کہ ہم مسجد میں تھے رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم نکلے اور کہا یہود کی طرف چلو پس ہم نکلے یہاں تک کہ بیت المدارس پہنچے پس آپ نے فرمایا اسلام قبول کرو امان ملے گا اور جان لو کہ زمین الله اور اس کے رسول کے لئے ہے

ہمارے راویات پسند علماء کی غلطی ہے کہ انہوں نے یہ دعوی کیا کہ سابقہ شریعت منسوخ ہے جبکہ قرآن سوره المائدہ میں  اہل کتاب کو کہتا ہے

قل ياأهل الكتاب لستم على شيء حتى تقيموا التوراة والإنجيل وما أنزل إليكم من ربكم وليزيدن كثيرا منهم ما أنزل إليك من ربك طغيانا وكفرا فلا تأس على القوم الكافرين

کہو اے اہل کتاب تم کوئی چیز نہیں جب تک تم توریت و انجیل کو قائم نہیں کرتے اور وہ جو تمہارے رب کی طرف سے نازل ہوا ہے اور اس پر جو تم پر نازل ہوا ہے ان کی سر کشی و بغاوت میں ہی اضافہ ہوا – پس انکاریوں  کی حالت پر افسوس نہ کرو

یعنی قرآن میں یہ واضح ہے کہ توریت و انجیل اہل کتاب کو پتا ہے لیکن اس کو چھپاتے ہیں اور اس کو قائم نہیں کرتے-

یہ بحث  کہ اصل توریت کیا ہے اس کے لئے اس  ویب سائٹ پر کتاب

In Search of Hidden Torah

دیکھئے

اس میں اہل کتاب کی کتب اور قرآن و حدیث کا تقابل کر کے واضح کیا گیا ہے کہ اصل  توریت کتاب  استثنا کے باب ١٢ یا ٢٦ میں ہے جس کا اقرار اہل کتاب آج کر رہے ہیں کہ اس کی عبرانی باقی توریت سے الگ  ہے – اس کو انگریزی میں

Book of Deuteronomy

کہا جاتا ہے – عجیب بات ہے جب بھی قرآن کہتا ہے ہم نے توریت میں یہ حکم دیا تو وہ استثنا کے اسی باب ١٢ یا ٢٦ میں موجود ہے جو آہل ایمان کے لئے نشانی ہے

تورات کا ایک حکم – رجم  کی سزا

نبی صلی الله علیہ وسلم کے پاس   یہودیوں کے زنا کا مقدمہ پیش ہوا –  یہود نے اس کی سزا گدھے پر بٹھا کر منہ کالا کرنا بتائی –   نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے توریت لانے اور اسکو پڑھنے کا حکم دیا اور فرمایا : میں تورات ہی کے مطابق فیصلہ کروں گا ۔ چنانچہ (اُس یہودی اور یہودیہ کے بارے میں) حکم دیا گیا اور وہ دونوں سنگ سار کر دیے گئے

تورات کتاب استثنا باب ٢٢ کی آیت  ٢٠  اگر کوئی شادی شدہ مرد اپنی بیوی میں باکرہ ہونے کی علامت نہ پائے تو ایسی عورت کو سنگسار کر دو

استنسنا2121

یہودیوں میں توریت پر فقہی مباحث جاری تھے اور اس مجموعے کو تلمود کہا جاتا ہے اس پر رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم کے دور میں یروشلم اور بابل میں کام جاری تھا تلمود کے مطابق( سات) بڑے گناہوں  کی سزا کوڑے ہے اور قتل یا رجم نہیں کیونکہ زنا کی سزا کے لئے دو گواہ ہونے چاہییں – اگردو گواہ مرد و عورت کو حالت زنا میں دیکھیں اور بولیں الگ ہو جاؤ اور وہ زانی الگ ہو جائیں تو توریت کا حکم نہیں لگے گا -یہ علماء کا فتوی تھا جو تلمود میں ہے-  لیکن مدنیہ والے ان سے بھی ایک ہاتھ آگے تھے انہوں نے فتوی دیا کہ صرف گدھے پر منہ کالا کر کے بیٹھا دو- نہ کوڑے کی سزا دے رہے تھے جو تلمود میں ہے،  نہ رجم کر رہے تھے جو توریت میں ہے

تفصیل کے لئے  کتاب دیکھئے

The Religious and Spiritual Life of the Jews of Medina
By Haggai Mazuz, Brill Publisher, 2014

صحیح مسلم کی ایک مدلس الْأَعْمَشِ کی عن سے  روایت میں ہے مَجْلُودًا   کہ ان یہودیوں کو کوڑے بھی مارے گئے لیکن  یہ روایت غریب اور شاذ  ہے کوڑے مارنے کا  مجموعہ کتب حدیث میں کہیں اور  ذکر نہیں ہے جس حدیث میں بھی اس واقعہ کا ذکر ہے وہاں صرف منہ کالا کرنا اور گدھے پر بیٹھانا لکھا ہے

رجم کا یہ حکم توریت سے لیا گیا اور اخلاقا یہ ممکن نہیں کہ یہودیوں کے زانی کو تو رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم توریت کا حوالہ دے کر رجم کا حکم دیں اور مسلمانوں کو بچا لیں لہذا  شادی شدہ مسلمان زانی کے لئے یہی حکم جاری ہوا

عینی عمدہ القاری میں لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض معتزلہ اور خوارج نے  رجم کی سزا کا انکار کیا – اسی طرح بعض اہل سنت کو اس میں اشتباہ ہوا اور انہوں نے اس سلسلے میں انے والی صحیح و ضعیف روایات کو ملا کر ان پر تبصرہ کیا اور یہ ثابت کرنے کی کوشش کی کہ ان تمام روایات میں اضطراب ہے –   دوسری طرف روایت پسند علماء نے رجم کی ایک ایک روایت کو صحیح کہہ دیا جس سے مسئلہ سلجھنے کی بجائے اور الجھ گیا – عصر حاضر میں   مصری علماء مثلا محمد الصادق عرجون نے رجم  کی روایات پر جرح کی  – اسی طرح برصغیر میں جاوید احمد غامدی نے اس سزا کو واپس موضوع بحث بنایا اور اس پر اپنی کتاب میزان میں تبصرہ کیا اور اپنی ویب سائٹ پر اس سسلے کی ضعیف و صحیح روایات باہم ملا کر ان پر تبصرہ کر دیا-

غامدي صاحب رجم کی سزا کو مانتے ہیں کہ یہ دی جا سکتی ہے لیکن اس کی دلیل وہ سوره المائدہ سے لیتے ہیں کہ جو لوگ بغاوت کریں اور فساد کریں ان کو سولی دی جائے، ملک بدر کیا جائے، ہاتھ پاؤں مخالف سمتوں سے کاٹ دے جائیں –

سوره المائدہ کی آیت ٣٣ ہے

بیشک جو لوگ اﷲ اور اس کے رسول سے جنگ کرتے ہیں اور زمین میں فساد انگیزی کرتے پھرتے ہیں ان کی سزا یہی ہے کہ وہ قتل کئے جائیں یا پھانسی دیئے جائیں یا ان کے ہاتھ اور ان کے پاؤں مخالف سمتوں سے کاٹے جائیں یا زمین سے دور (یعنی ملک بدر یاقید) کر دیئے جائیں۔ یہ (تو) ان کے لئے دنیا میں رسوائی ہے اور ان کے لئے آخرت میں (بھی) بڑا عذاب ہے

اس طرح غامدی صاحب رجم کی سزا کو فساد فی الارض کے زمرے میں یا لاء اینڈ آرڈر کا مسئلہ  لے کرموقف رکھتے ہیں کہ حاکم وقت چاہے تو یہ سزا دے سکتا ہے اس کا تعلق خاص شادی شدہ زانی کے لئے نہیں بلکہ اس موقف کے تحت غیر شادی شدہ کو بھی رجم کی سزا دی جا سکتی ہے اگر وہ غنڈہ ہو اور زنا بالجبر کرتا ہو- اس کے لئے ان کی تحاریر دیکھی جا سکتی ہیں – لیکن اس موقف میں کئی خامیاں ہیں اول سوره المائدہ کی آیات قرآن كي سب سے آخر میں نازل ہونے والی سورتوں میں سے ہے جس میں  اليوم أكملت لكم دينكم   کی آیت بھی ہے – قرطبی کہتے ہیں سوره المائدہ سب سے آخر میں نازل ہونے والی سورت ہے (الهداية إلى بلوغ النهاية في علم معاني القرآن وتفسيره)- کہا جاتا ہے مَا نَزَلَ لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَنْسُوخٌ اس میں سے کچھ منسوخ نہیں ہے (تفسیر القرطبی) –  محمد سيد طنطاوي التفسير الوسيط للقرآن الكريم میں کہتے ہیں أن سورة المائدة من آخر القرآن نزولا بے شک سوره المائدہ قرآن میں سب سے آخر میں نازل ہوئی – سوره المائدہ کی آیات حجه الوداع پر مکمل ہوئیں یعنی ١٠ ہجری میں اور ١١ ہجری میں رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم کی وفات ہوئی –  اب مسئلہ یہ اٹھتا ہے دور نبوی میں جن افراد کو رجم کی سزا دی گئی وہ سب ظاہر ہے اس سوره المائدہ کے نزول کے بعد ہی دی گئی ہو گی تو اس ایک سال میں اتنے سارے لوگوں کو رجم کیا گیا – مدینہ میں ایسی کیا ہیجانی کیفیت تھی کہ حجه الوداع کے بعد اتنی زنا بالجبر کی کروائیاں ہو رہی تھیں اس کی تہہ میں کیا تحریک پوشیدہ تھی ؟ غامدی صاحب اس سب کو گول کر جاتے ہیں اور چونکہ ایک عام آدمی اس سب سے لا علم ہے وہ ان کی تحقیق کا تجزیہ کرنے میں ناکام رہتا ہے  اور اس پر ان کی تحقیق کا جھول واضح نہیں ہوتا – دوم سوره النور  میں جو زانی کی سزا ہے اور بقول غامدی صاحب  ” چنانچہ یہ آیت بھی اِس معاملے میں بالکل صریح ہے کہ زانی شادی شدہ ہو یا غیر شادی شدہ ، اُس کے جرم کی انتہائی سزا قرآن مجید کی رو سے سو کوڑے ہی ہے ۔ قرآن کی اِن دونوں آیات میں سے سورۂ نور کی آیت ۸ کے بارے میں کوئی دوسری رائے ابھی تک ہمارے سامنے نہیں آئی ” (برہان از جاوید غامدی)  – یعنی غامدی صاحب کے نزدیک  سوره النور کی آیات  کا تعلق  شادی شدہ یا غیر شادی شدہ دونوں سے ہے – سوال ہے کیا اس کا  حکم  سوره المائدہ کی آیت سے منسوخ ہے ؟  اپنی مختلف تحاریر میں اس سے خوبصورتی سے کترا جاتے ہیں

غامدی صاحب کی پیش کردہ روایات مندرجہ ذیل ہیں جن سب کو صحیح سمجھتے ہوئے انہوں نے ان میں اضطراب ثابت کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے

رجم کی ضعیف روایات

مسند احمد کی روایت ہے

 عن الشعبی ان علیاً جلد شراحۃ یوم الخمیس ورجمھا یوم الجمعۃ وقال: اجلدھا بکتاب اللّٰہ وارجمھا بسنۃ رسول اللّٰہ صلی اللّٰہ علیہ وسلم.(احمد، رقم ۸۳۹) ’

 شعبی سے روایت ہے کہ علی رضی اللہ عنہ نے شراحہ نامی عورت کو جمعرات کے دن کوڑے لگوائے اور جمعہ کے دن اُسے رجم کرا دیا اور فرمایا: میں نے اِسے کتاب اللہ کے مطابق کوڑے لگائے ہیں اور سنت رسول صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے مطابق سنگ سار کرتا ہوں۔‘‘

کتاب  جامع التحصيل في أحكام المراسيل  از العلائي (المتوفى: 761هـ) کے مطابق

عامر بن شراحيل الشعبي أحد الأئمة روى عن علي رضي الله عنه…..وهو لا يكتفي بمجرد إمكان اللقاء

عامر بن شراحيل الشعبي ائمہ میں سے ایک ہیں علی سے روایت کرتے ہیں اور…. یہ امکان لقاء کی بنیاد پر مجردا صحیح نہیں

یعنی شعبی کا سماع علی رضی الله عنہ سے مشکوک ہے

دوسری ضعیف روایت

 سنن ابو داود کی روایت ہے

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحِيمِ أَبُو يَحْيَى الْبَزَّازُ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ جَابِرٍ، «أَنَّ رَجُلًا زَنَى بِامْرَأَةٍ فَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِإِحْصَانِهِ، فَجُلِدَ، ثُمَّ عَلِمَ بِإِحْصَانِهِ، فَرُجِمَ

 عن جابر ان رجلاً زنیٰ بامراۃ، فامر بہ رسول اللّٰہ صلی اللّٰہ علیہ وسلم فجلد الحد، ثم اخبر انہ محصن فامر بہ فرجم.(ابوداؤد، رقم ۴۴۳۸)

جابر رضی اللہ عنہ سے روایت ہے

کہ ایک شخص نے کسی عورت کے ساتھ بدکاری کی تو نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے اُس کے بارے میں سزا کا حکم دیا ۔ چنانچہ اُسے کوڑے لگائے گئے۔ پھر معلوم ہوا کہ وہ محصن (شادی شدہ) ہے تو حکم دیا گیا اور اُسے رجم کر دیا گیا۔

اس کی سند میں محمد بن مسلم أبو الزبير المكي مدلس ہے –  کتاب التبيين لأسماء المدلسين از  ابن العجمي کے مطابق   مشهور بالتدليس یہ تدلیس کے لئے مشھور ہے- البانی اس  روایت کو ضعیف کہتے ہیں

تیسری ضعیف روایت

طبقات الکبری از ابن سعد کی روایت ہے

قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي هشام بن عاصم بن الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ جَهْمٍ أَنَّ عَمْرَو بْنَ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ سِنَانٍ كَانَ قَدْ شَهِدَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ ثُمَّ اسْتَأْذَنَ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – أَنْ يَرْجِعَ إِلَى بَادِيَتِهِ فَأَذِنَ لَهُ فَخَرَجَ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ بِالضَّبُّوعَةِ عَلَى بُرَيْدٍ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى الْمَحَجَّةِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ لَقِيَ جارية من العرب وضيئة فنزعه الشَّيْطَانُ حَتَّى أَصَابَهَا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ أُحْصِنَ. ثُمَّ نَدِمَ فَأَتَى النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – فَأَخْبَرَهُ فَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدَّ. أَمَرَ رَجُلا أَنْ يَجْلِدَهُ بَيْنَ الْجِلْدَيْنِ بِسَوْطٍ قَدْ رُكِبَ بِهِ ولان.

عمرو بن حمزہ رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے ساتھ حدیبیہ میں حاضر تھے ۔ وہ مدینہ آئے۔ پھر نبی صلی اللہ علیہ و سلم سے اجازت چاہی کہ اپنے بادیہ کی طرف لوٹ جائیں۔ نبی  صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے اجازت دے دی تو نکلے، یہاں تک کہ جب مدینہ سے مکہ کی طرف راستے کے درمیان ایک منزل ضبوعہ پہنچے تو عرب کی ایک خوب صورت لونڈی سے ملاقات ہوئی۔ شیطان نے اکسایا تو اُس سے زنا کر بیٹھے اور اُس وقت وہ محصن نہ تھے۔ پھر نادم ہوئے اور نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے پاس آکر آپ کو بتایا۔ چنانچہ آپ نے اُن پر حد جاری کر دی

اس نسخہ میں اس روایت کی سند میں غلطی ہے کتاب تلخيص المتشابه في الرسم از  الخطيب البغدادي (المتوفى: 463هـ)  کے مطابق اصل میں راوی يَحْيَى بْنُ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ الأَسْلَمِيُّ الْمَدِينِيُّ ہے جو  الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ جَهْمٍ سے روایت کرتا ہے اور یحیی سے مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ نے  كِتَابِ الْمَغَازِي میں روایت لکھی ہے- لہذا یہی راوی ہے جس سے واقدی نے روایت کیا اور ان سے ابن سعد نے – اب  چاہے یہ يَحْيَى بْنُ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ  ہو یا هِشَامِ بْنِ عَاصِمٍ  – دونوں کا حال مجھول ہے

لہذا روایت ضعیف ہے

چوتھی ضعیف روایت

سنن ابو داود کی روایت ہے

حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ فَارِسٍ، حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ هَارُونَ الْبُرْدِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ فَيَّاضٍ الْأَبْنَاوِيِّ، عَنْ خَلَّادِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ  ، عَنِ ابْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ” أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ بَكْرِ بْنِ لَيْثٍ أَتَى النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَأَقَرَّ أَنَّهُ زَنَى بِامْرَأَةٍ أَرْبَعَ مَرَّاتٍ، فَجَلَدَهُ مِائَةً، وَكَانَ بِكْرًا، ثُمَّ سَأَلَهُ الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ، فَقَالَتْ: كَذَبَ وَاللَّهِ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فَجَلَدَهُ حَدَّ الْفِرْيَةِ ثَمَانِينَ “

ابن عباس رضی اللہ عنہ سے روایت ہے کہ قبیلۂ بکر بن لیث کا ایک شخص نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے پاس آیا اور اُس نے چار مرتبہ اقرار کیا کہ اُس نے ایک عورت سے زنا کیا ہے ۔ وہ کنوارا تھا۔ چنانچہ نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے اُسے سو کوڑے لگوائے ۔ پھر اُس سے عورت کے خلاف ثبوت چاہا تو اُس بی بی نے کہا : اللہ کی قسم ، اِس نے جھوٹ بولا ہے ، یا رسول اللہ ۔ اِس پر نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے اُسے قذف کے اسی کوڑے لگوائے

البانی اس  روایت کو منکر کہتے ہیں

پانچویں ضعیف روایت

أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا مَالِكٌ , أَنَّهُ بَلَغَهُ , أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ أُتِيَ بِامْرَأَةٍ قَدْ وَلَدَتْ فِي سِتَّةِ أَشْهُرٍ , فَأَمَرَ بِهَا أَنْ تُرْجَمَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ: لَيْسَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهَا ,وقد قال اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى فِي كِتَابِهِ: {وَحَمْلُهُ وَفِصَالُهُ ثَلاَثُونَ شَهْرًا} , وَقَالَ: {وفصاله في عامين} وقال: {وَالْوَالِدَاتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلاَدَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ} قال: والرضاعة أربعة وعشرون شهراً والْحَمْلُ سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ فأمر بها عُثْمَانُ أن ترد , فَوَجَدَت قَدْ رُجِمَتْ

ایک عورت نے عثمان رضی الله عنہ کے دور میں شادی کے بعد چھ ماہ میں بچا جنا – اس کا مقدمہ عثمان رضی الله عنہ پر پیش ہوا انہوں نے اس کو رجم کرا دیا –  بعد میں جب ان کو سمجھایا گیا کہ کم از کم مدت حمل چھ ماہ ہے تو انہوں نے حکم واپس لیا لیکن اس وقت تک عورت رجم کی جا چکی تھی

موطآ امام مالک کی روایت ہے کہ امام مالک کو یہ بات پہنچی ہے – امام مالک نے اس کی سند نہیں دی لہذا یہ بھی ایک ضعیف روایت ہے- اگر اس کو صحیح مانا جائے تو خلیفہ اور اس کی شوری کی اجتماعی غلطی ہے جبکہ اس میں جلیل القدر اصحاب رسول صلی الله علیہ وسلم شامل ہیں  اور ان سے یہ غلطی ممکن نہیں

چھٹی ضعیف روایت

مصنف عبد الرزاق کی روایت ہے جو مسروق کا قول ہے

عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ،  عَنِ الثَّوْرِيِّ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ قَالَ: «الْبِكْرَانِ يُجْلَدَانِ أَوْ يُنْفَيَانِ، وَالثَّيِّبَانِ يُرْجَمَانِ وَلَا يُجْلَدَانِ، وَالشَّيْخَانِ يُجْلَدَانِ وَيُرْجَمَانِ

کنوارے زانی کی سزا سو کوڑے اور جلا وطنی ہے۔ شادی شدہ زانی کو صرف رجم کی سزا دی جائے گی اور بوڑھے زانیوں کو پہلے کوڑے مارے جائیں گے او ر اِس کے بعد رجم کیا جائے گا

یہ نہ مرفوع حدیث ہے نہ موقوف قول صحابی ہے نہ مرسل روایت ہے – یہ ایک تابعی کا قول ہے- دلیل نہیں بن سکتا

ساتویں روایت ہے

صحیح مسلم کی روایت ہے

حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى التَّمِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا هُشَيْمٌ، عَنْ مَنْصُورٍ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ حِطَّانَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللهِ الرَّقَاشِيِّ، عَنْ عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «خُذُوا عَنِّي، خُذُوا عَنِّي، قَدْ جَعَلَ اللهُ لَهُنَّ سَبِيلًا، الْبِكْرُ بِالْبِكْرِ جَلْدُ مِائَةٍ وَنَفْيُ سَنَةٍ، وَالثَّيِّبُ بِالثَّيِّبِ جَلْدُ مِائَةٍ، وَالرَّجْمُ

رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا : مجھ سے لو ، مجھ سے لو ،مجھ سے لو ، زانیہ عورتوں کے معاملے میں اللہ نے ان کے لئے رستہ نکالا (جو حکم نازل کرنے کا وعدہ کیا تھا، وہ نازل فرما دیا )۔ غیر شادی شدہ مرد کی غیرشادی شدہ عورت سے بدکاری کے لیے سو کوڑے اور ایک سال کی جلا وطنی اور شادی شدہ مرد کی شادی شدہ عورت سے بدکاری کے لیے سو کوڑے اور رجم

اسکی سند میں الْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ ہیں  جو مدلس ہیں اور عن سے روایت کر رہے ہیں – اس روایت کا کوئی اور طرق نہیں ملا اور دیگر روایات کے خلاف ہے لہذا ضعیف ہے

  مسند الإمام الشافعي  میں اس روایت پر ہے

وَقَدْ حَدَّثَنِي الثِّقَةُ: أنَّ الحَسَنَ كانَ يَدْخُلُ بَيْنَهُ وبينَ عبَادةَ حِطَّانَ الرَّقَاشي

اور ایک ثقہ نے بتایا کہ حسن بصری اپنے اور عبَادةَ حِطَّانَ الرَّقَاشي کے درمیان ایک دوسرے شخص کو داخل کرتے تھے

مسند البزار میں ہے

 وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ، عَنِ  الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ عُبَادَةَ مُرْسَلًا

اور ایک سے زیادہ نے اس کو حسن بصری سے انہوں نے  عبادہ سے مرسل  روایت  کیا ہے

یعنی صحیح مسلم کی یہ روایت ضعیف ہے اور اس کو صحیح میں لکھنا امام مسلم کی غلطی ہے ان  کے ہم عصر علماء اس کو مرسل کہتے تھے

اب ان تمام روایات سے کوئی نتیجہ اخذ کرنا یا ان کو صحیح روایات کے ساتھ ملا کر خلط مبحث کرنا غیر مناسب ہے کیونکہ یہ  ہیں ہی ضعیف  روایات – غامدی صاحب نے ان ضعیف روایات کو صحیح سے ملا کر ایک کھچڑی بنا دی ہے اور پھر اس طرح تمام روایات پر جرح کرکے  آن روایات میں اضطراب ثابت کیا جاتا ہے – حقیقیت میں اوپر والی روایات ضعیف ہیں

رجم سے  متعلق  بعض صحیح روایات

سنن النسائی کی روایت ہے

أَخْبَرَنَا الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الدُّورِيُّ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَامِرٍ الْعَقَدِيُّ، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ طَهْمَانَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بْنِ رُفَيْعٍ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: ” لَا يَحِلُّ دَمَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ: زَانٍ مِحْصَنٌ يُرْجَمُ، أَوْ رَجُلٌ قَتَلَ رَجُلًا مُتَعَمِّدًا فَيُقْتَلُ، أَوْ رَجُلٌ يَخْرُجُ مِنَ الْإِسْلَامِ لِيُحَارِبَ اللهَ عَزَّ وَجَلّ وَرَسُولَهُ فَيُقْتَلُ أَوْ يُصْلَبُ أَوْ يُنْفَى مِنَ الْأَرْضِ

رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا : مسلمان کا خون صرف تین صورتوں میں حلال ہے : ایک شادی شدہ زانی  اُسے رجم کیا جائے گا۔ دوسرے وہ شخص جس نے کسی کو جان بوجھ کر قتل کیا ہو، اُسے اس شخص کے قصاص میں قتل کیا جائے گا ۔ تیسرے وہ شخص جو اسلام چھوڑ کر اللہ اور اس کے رسول سے آمادۂ جنگ ہو ، اُسے قتل کیا

جائے گا یا سولی دی جائے گی یا وہ جلا وطن کر دیا جائے گا

البانی اس کو صحیح کہتے ہیں

نتیجہ :  ایک شادی شدہ زانی  رجم کیا جائے گا۔

صحیح بخاری کی روایت ہے

ابو ہریرۃ رضی اللہ عنہ اور زین بن خالد رضی اللہ عنہ کہتے ہیں کہ دو شخص نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے پاس جھگڑتے ہوئے آئے ان میں سے ایک نے کہا ہمارے درمیان کتاب اللہ کے موافق فیصلہ کیجئے دوسرے نے کہا ہاں یا رسول اللہ ہمارے درمیان کتاب اللہ کے موافق فیصلہ کیجئے اور مجھ کو واقعہ عرض کرنے کی اجازت دیجئے۔ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا بیان کرو۔اس نے کہا میرا بیٹا اس شخص کے ہاں مزدوری کرتا تھا اس نے اس کی بیوی سے زنا کیا۔ لوگوں نے مجھ سے کہا کہ تیرے بیٹے کو سنگسار کیا جائے گا ۔میں نے اس کے بدلے میں سو بکریاں اور ایک لونڈی دے دی۔پھر میں نے علماء سے مسئلہ پوچھا انہوں نے کہا کہ تیرے بیٹے کو سو کوڑے لگائے جائیں گے اور ایک سال کے لئے جلا وطن کیا جائے گا اور سنگساری کی سزا اس کی عورت کو ملے گی (اس لئے کہ وہ شادی شدہ ہے) رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے واقعہ سن کر فرمایا۔خبردار قسم ہے اس ذات کی جس کے ہاتھ میں میری جان ہے میں تمہارے درمیان کتاب اللہ کے موافق فیصلہ کروں گا۔تیری لونڈی اور تیری بکریاں تجھ کو واپس ملیں گی اور تیرے بیٹے کو سو کوڑوں کی سزا دی جائے گی اور ایک سال کے لئے جلا وطن کیا جائے گا۔پھر رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا اے انیس! تو اس عورت کے پاس جا اگر وہ جرم کا اقرار کرے تو اس کو سنگسار کر دے چنانچہ عورت نے اقرار کیا اور انیس رضی اللہ عنہ نے اس کو سنگسار کر دیا۔(بخاری و مسلم)

روایت اپنے متن میں بالکل واضح ہے کہ شادی شدہ عورت  کو رجم کر دیا گیا اور شریعت کا حکم آگے پیچھے کرنے کے جرم میں  کنوارے آدمی کو سو کوڑے کے ساتھ جلا وطن بھی کیا گیا – غامدی صاحب  نے اس کو تفتیش کا کیس بنا کر بیانات و شواہد کا  مطالبہ کیا ہے جو صرف اور صرف خلط مبحث ہے اور اس بحث سے روایت میں جو بیان ہوا ہے اس پر کیا اثر پڑتا ہے ؟  غیر شادی شدہ نے ایک شادی شدہ کے ساتھ زنا کیا – مجرم کے باپ نے معاملہ ڈیل میں تبدیل کیا لیکن بلاخر مقدمہ رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم تک پہنچا – یہ کس قسم کا خاندان تھا یا یہ کوئی سازش تھی یہ غیر ضروری سوالات ہیں کیونکہ یہ اعتراض تو کسی بھی مقدمہ پر ہو سکتا ہے

نتیجہ : شادی شدہ زانی رجم کیا جائے گا اور غیر شادی شدہ کو کوڑے مارے جائیں گے اور اگر ڈیل کرنے کی کوشش کرے تو جلا وطن بھی کیاجائے گا

يه روایت دلیل ہے کہ  اگر کوئی غیر شادی شدہ مرد شادی شدہ عورت سے بدکاری کا ارتکاب کرے تو اُس کی سزا  غیر شادی شدہ کے لئے کوڑے  ہونی چاہیے

لیکن اگر   شادی شدہ مرد یا عورت  غیر شادی شدہ مرد یا  عورت سے زنا کرے تو شادی شدہ کو رجم کیا جائے گا

موطأ  اور بخاری كي ایک   روایت

امام مالک ، امام یحییٰ بن سعید سے وہ سعید بن المسیب سے روایت کرتے ہیں کہ عمر رضی الله عنہ نے کہا

قَالَ:  إِيَّاكُمْ أَنْ تَهْلِكُوا عَنْ آيَةِ الرَّجْمِ». أَنْ يَقُولَ قَائِلٌ لَا نَجِدُ حَدَّيْنِ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ. فَقَدْ رَجَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَرَجَمْنَا. وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، لَوْلَا أَنْ يَقُولَ النَّاسُ: زَادَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى لَكَتَبْتُهَا – الشَّيْخُ وَالشَّيْخَةُ فَارْجُمُوهُمَا أَلْبَتَّةَ – فَإِنَّا قَدْ قَرَأْنَاهَا

قَالَ مَالِكٌ: قَالَ يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ:، قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ: «فَمَا انْسَلَخَ ذُو الْحِجَّةِ حَتَّى قُتِلَ عُمَرُ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ» قَالَ يَحْيَى: سَمِعْتُ مَالِكًا يَقُولُ: قَوْلُهُ الشَّيْخُ وَالشَّيْخَةُ يَعْنِي: «الثَّيِّبَ وَالثَّيِّبَةَ فَارْجُمُوهُمَا أَلْبَتَّةَ

تم آیت رجم کا انکار کر کے اپنے آپ کو ہلاکت میں ڈالنے سے بچو۔ ایسا نہ ہو کہ کہنے والے کہیں کہ ہم تو اللہ کی کتاب میں دو سزاؤں (تازیانہ اور رجم) کا ذکر کہیں نہیں پاتے ۔ بے شک ، حضور صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے بھی رجم کیا او ر ہم نے بھی ۔ اُس ذات کی قسم جس کے قبضے میں میری جان ہے ، مجھے اگر یہ اندیشہ نہ ہوتا کہ لوگ کہیں گے کہ عمر نے اللہ کی کتاب میں اضافہ کر دیا تو میں یہ آیت : الشَّيْخُ وَالشَّيْخَةُ فَارْجُمُوهُمَا أَلْبَتَّةَ  ’’بوڑھے زانی اور بوڑھی زانیہ کو لازماً رجم کردو ، قرآن مجید میں لکھ دیتا، اِس لیے کہ ہم نے یہ آیت خود تلاوت کی ہے ۔

امام مالک نے کہا کہ یحیی بن سعید نے کہا کہ سعید بن المسیب نے کہا  الشَّيْخُ وَالشَّيْخَة  سے مراد الثَّيِّبَ وَالثَّيِّبَةَ   (شادی شدہ زانی) ہے – یہ ادبی انداز ہے کہ انداز ہے کہ بڈھا یا بڈھی کو رجم کرو اس میں یہ مستمر ہے کہ وہ شادی شدہ ہیں –

موطا کی  روایت  کی سند کا مسئلہ ہے کہ اس میں سعید بن المسیب کا سماع عمر رضی الله عنہ سے نہیں ہے

کتاب جامع التحصيل في أحكام المراسيل  از العلائي (المتوفى: 761هـ)  کے مطابق

قال يحيى القطان سعيد بن المسيب عن عمر رضي الله عنه مرسل

یحیی بن سعید جو اس روایت کے ایک راوی ہیں وہ خود کہتے ہیں کہ سعید بن المسیب کی عمر رضی الله عنہ سے روایت مرسل ہے

کیونکہ سعید بن المسیب  ، عمر رضی الله عنہ کے دور میں پیدا ہوئے ہیں اور انہوں نے عمر کو دیکھا  کچھ سنا نہیں

شاید اسی وجہ سے امام بخاری نے یہ روایت ایک دوسری سند سے دی ہے – امام بخاری اس کو عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ کی سند سے صحیح میں دو جگہ لکھا ہے

(عمر رضی اللہ عنہ نے فرمایا: ) بے شک ، اللہ تعالیٰ نے محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کو حق کے ساتھ بھیجا اور اُن پر اپنی کتاب نازل کی۔ اُس میں آیت رجم بھی تھی ۔ چنانچہ ہم نے اُسے پڑھا اور سمجھا اور یاد کیا ۔ پھر رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے بھی اِسی بنا پررجم کیا اور اُن کے بعد ہم نے بھی رجم کیا ۔ مجھے اندیشہ ہے کہ لوگوں پر کچھ زیادہ عرصہ نہیں گزرے گا کہ کہنے والے کہیں گے کہ ہم تو رجم کی آیت اللہ کی کتاب میں کہیں نہیں پاتے اور اِس طرح اللہ کے نازل کردہ ایک فرض کو چھوڑ کر گم راہ ہوں گے ۔ یاد رکھو، رجم اللہ کی کتاب میں ہر اُس مرد و عورت پر واجب ہے جو شادی کے بعد زنا کرے

نتیجہ : شادی شدہ زانی رجم کیا جائے گا

غامدی صاحب نے الشیخ اور الشیخہ سے ایک بوڑھا اور بوڑھی لیا اور اس کو ایک مہمل بات قرار دیا ہے – حالانکہ جب بات زنا کے  تناظر میں ہو تو اس کو سمجھنا مشکل نہیں – مثلا آج الشیخ کا لفظ علماء کے لئے عرب ملکوں میں عام ہے کسی کو الشیخ بولا جائے تو وہ ہو سکتا ہے کوئی امیر آدمی ہو یا عالم ہو یا قبیلہ کا سردار ہو- آج سیدنا کا لفظ انبیاء کے ساتھ استعمال ہونے لگا ہے خود غامدی صاحب بھی کرتے ہیں لیکن سو سال پہلے اس طرف انبیاء کے ساتھ سیدنا نہیں لکھا جاتا تھا – اسی طرح  علم حدیث کے قدیم قلمی نسخوں  میں کہیں بھی انبیاء کے ناموں کے ساتھ صلی الله علیہ وسلم یا علیہ السلام نہیں لکھا ملتا لیکن آج جو نئی کتب چھپ رہی ہیں ان میں یہ لاحقہ عام ہے – نبی صلی الله علیہ وسلم کے دور میں الشیخ ایک عمر رسیده اور منجھے ہوئے شخص کے لئے بولا جاتا تھا اور عربوں میں ایسے لوگ  عموما شادی شدہ ہی ہوتے تھے-   قرآن میں شیخآ کا لفظ ہے جس کو سارہ علیہ السلام نے ابراہیم علیہ السلام کے لئے استعمال کیا  (سوره الهود)– الشيخ كبير كا لفظ يعقوب عليه السلام  کے لئے سوره یوسف میں ہے  اور شیخ مدین سسر موسی کے لئے سوره قصص میں ہے – اور سوره الغآفر میں شیوخا کا لفظ ہے –  یعنی بعض کا  یہ کہنا کہ شیخ کا لفظ غیر قرانی ہے اور مخمل میں ٹآٹ کا پیوند ہے صحیح نہیں –  الشیخ و الشیخہ کے حوالے سے   کتب شیعہ مثلا  تهذيب الأحكام للطوسي 8/195، الاستبصار ً 3/377، اور وسائل الشيعة از آلحر العاملي 15/610  میں بھی روایت ہے جس کو بعض متقدمین شیعہ جمع القرآن پر اعتراض کے حوالے سے پیش کرتے ہیں اس میں بما قضيا الشهوة کے الفاظ بھی ہیں – ان کے اس پرو پگندے سے متاثر ہو کر بعض لوگوں نے یہ حل نکالا کہ اس روایت کا انکار کر دیا جائے – اور اسی وجہ سے اس پر بحث کا باب کھل گیا اور دور قدیم سے ابھی تک اس میں ایک خلجان پایا جاتا ہے – فقہاء نے اس کا حل یہ دیا کہ آیت منسوخ ہوئی اور اس کا حکم باقی ہے –  اہل تشیع کے مطابق امام جعفر اس آیت کو اس طرح پڑھتے تھے الشيخ والشيخة فارجموهما البتة بما قضيا الشهوة  اور رجم کا حکم دیتے یعنی رجم کی سزا کا حکم ان کے ہاں بھی ہے – اہل تشیع کا جمع القرآن پر اعتراض غیر منطقی ہے کیونکہ قرآن ابو بکر رضی الله عنہ  نے جمع ضرور کیا لیکن وہ عثمان رضی الله عنہ  کے دور تک تقسیم نہیں ہوا تھا – عمر رضی الله عنہ کے دور میں بھی جو قرآن پڑھا جاتا تھا  اس کا کوئی ایک نسخہ نہ تھا مختلف قرات تھیں اور یہ قرات  علی اور عمر رضی الله عنہما اس وقت تک کر رہے تھے جس سے ظاہر ہے کہ یہ آیت نہ علی کی قرات میں تھی نہ عمر کی-  سوال اٹھتا ہے کہ شیعوں نے اس قرات کو کب اور کیوں چھوڑا اگر یہ علی رضی الله عنہ  اور اہل بیت کی قرات تھی؟ اس کا جواب ان کے پاس بھی نہیں ہے اور امام جعفر کو تو پتا ہو گا کہ اصلی قرآن کیا ہے تو ایک دفعہ ہی اس کو املا کرا دیتے – انہوں نے بھی ایسا نہیں کیا

بخاری کی اس حدیث میں  کسی علت کا علم نہیں ہے لہذا اس کو رد نہیں کیا جاتا – ممکن ہے رجم کی یہ آیت ہو اور منسوخ ہو گئی ہو ایسا دوسری آیات میں بھی ہوا ہے – لیکن یہاں اس کو ایک اور زاویہ سے بھی دیکھ سکتے ہیں

اگر کوئی رجم کی سزا  کو توریت کے تناظر میں سمجھے تو مسئلہ فورا حل ہو جاتا ہے کہ یہ حکم یہود کے لئے  توریت سے لیا گیا اور ایسا ممکن نہیں کہ رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم کی جانب سے  یہود پر سخت سزا اور مسلمانوں پر کم تر سزا نافذ کی جاتی –  سوال اٹھتا ہے کہ اس کی کیا دلیل ہے کہ شادی شدہ یہودی نے شادی شدہ مسلمان سے پہلے زنا کیا اور مقدمہ رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم کے پاس پیش ہوا؟  مدینہ میں یہود کے تین  بڑےقبائل تھے دو نکال دے گئے – تسرے قبیلہ بنو قريظة کے مردوں  کو قتل کیا گیا جس کا ذکر آ رہا ہے یہ سب سن ٥ ہجری ميں ہوا –  ایک روایت کے مطابق یہود نے جب زنا کی اپنی خود ساختہ سزا کو   نافذ کیا تو رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم نے ان  کو کہا   کہ توریت لاو اور پڑھو تو ان کے ایک  عالم عَبْدَ اللهِ  ابْنَ صُورِيَا نے اس کو پڑھا  اور آیات پر ہاتھ رکھ کر اسکو چھپایا (مسند الحميدي، مسند أحمد، صحیح ابن حبان، شرح مشکل الآثار، البداية والنهاية ) –   سیرت  ابن اسحٰق  اور البداية والنهاية از ابن کثیر کے مطابق یہ اس وقت عرب میں یہود کا سب سے بڑا عالم تھا  اور بَنِي ثَعْلَبَةَ بْنِ الْفِطْيَوْنِ  میں سے تھا –- سنن الکبری البیہقی  کے مطابق اس توریت کو پڑھنے والے واقعہ کے وقت ابن صوریا کے ساتھ بنی قریظہ والے تھے – ایک دوسری روایت کے مطابق رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم نے سب سے پہلے جن کو رجم کا حکم دیا وہ یہودی تھے (مصنف عبد الرزاق)- ان تمام شواہد کی روشنی میں واضح ہے کہ یہود پر رجم کی حد سن ٥ ہجری یا اس سے قبل لگی اور یہ مدینہ میں سب سے پہلے یہود پر لگی

توریت کا دوسرا حکم – عہد شکنی کی سزا

جنگ خندق میں بنو قریظہ  کی عہد شکنی کے معآملے میں رسول اللہ صلی الله علیہ وسلم  نے سعد بن معاذ رضی الله عنہ پر فیصلہ چھوڑا – انہوں نے عہد شکنی کی سزا تجویز کی کہ  جس پر رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا تم نے بادشاہ کا فیصلہ دیا یعنی الله کا فیصلہ-

توریت کتاب استثنآ باب ٢٠ آیات ١٠  تا  ١٤ ہے

استنسنا٢٠١٣

صحیح مسلم کی روایات ہیں

۔ و حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَکْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُثَنّٰی وَابْنُ بَشَّارٍ وَأَلْفَاظُهُمْ مُتَقَارِبَةٌ قَالَ أَبُو بَکْرٍ حَدَّثَنَا غُنْدَرٌ عَنْ شُعْبَةَ و قَالَ الْآخَرَانِ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا أُمَامَةَ بْنَ سَهْلِ بْنِ حُنَيْفٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيَّ قَالَ نَزَلَ أَهْلُ قُرَيْظَةَ عَلٰی حُکْمِ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ فَأَرْسَلَ رَسُولُ اللہِ صَلَّی اللہُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلٰی سَعْدٍ فَأَتَاهُ عَلٰی حِمَارٍ فَلَمَّا دَنَا قَرِيبًا مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللہِ صَلَّی اللہُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِلْأَنْصَارِ قُومُوا إِلٰی سَيِّدِکُمْ أَوْ خَيْرِکُمْ ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنَّ هٰٓؤُلَآءِ نَزَلُوا عَلٰی حُکْمِکَ قَالَ تَقْتُلُ مُقَاتِلَتَهُمْ وَتَسْبِي ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ قَالَ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّی اللہُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَضَيْتَ بِحُکْمِ اللہِ وَرُبَّمَا قَالَ قَضَيْتَ بِحُکْمِ الْمَلِکِ وَلَمْ يَذْکُرْ ابْنُ الْمُثَنّٰی وَرُبَّمَا قَالَ قَضَيْتَ بِحُکْمِ الْمَلِکِ۔

 ابوبکر بن ابی شیبہ، محمد بن مثنی، ابن بشار، ابوبکر، غندر، شعبہ، سعد بن ابراہیم ابوامامہ، سہل بن حنیف،   ابوسعید رضی اللہ عنہ خدری رضی اللہ عنہ سے روایت ہے کہ بنو قریظہ والوں نے   سعد بن معاذ رضی اللہ عنہ کے فیصلہ پر اتر آنے کی رضا مندی کا اظہار کیا رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم   ، سعد رضی اللہ عنہ کی طرف پیغام بھیجا تو وہ گدھے پر حاضر ہوئے، جب وہ مسجد کے قریب پہنچے تو رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے انصار سے فرمایا اپنے سردار یا اپنے افضل ترین کی طرف اٹھو، پھر فرمایا یہ لوگ تمہارے فیصلہ پر اترے ہیں سعد رضی اللہ عنہ نے کہا ان میں سے لڑائی کرنے والے کو قتل کر دیں اور ان کی اولاد کو قیدی بنالیں تو نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا تم نے اللہ کے حکم کے مطابق ہی فیصلہ کیا ہے اور کبھی فرمایا تم نے بادشاہ کے فیصلہ کے مطابق فیصلہ کیا ہے، ابن مثنی نے بادشاہ کے حکم کے مطابق فیصلہ کرنے کو ذکر نہیں کیا۔

مسلم کی ایک دوسری روایت کے الفاظ ہیں کہ سعد نے  کہا کہ میں ان کے بارے میں یہ فیصلہ کرتا ہوں کہ ان میں سے لڑائی کرنے والے کو قتل کر دیں اور عورتوں اور بچوں کو قیدی بنالیں اور ان کے مال کو تقسیم کر لیں

انکار حدیث کے رد میں کہا جاتا ہے کہ یہ سزا قرآن میں نہیں لہذا یہ حدیث میں ہے جو وحی خفی یا غیر متلو کی مثال

 ہے یہ ہمارے علماء کی غلطی ہے اصلا یہ سزا توریت کی ہے – وحی غیر متلو تو تب بنتی جب یہ رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم نے تجویز کی ہوتی اور ہم اسکو قرآن میں نہ پاتے – یہ تو سعد کی تجویز کردہ سزا ہے اور توریت سے مطابقت رکھتی ہے اسی لئے کہا گیا کہ تم نے بادشاہ یعنی الله کے فیصلے کے مطابق حکم دیا-  سعد بن معآذ مدینہ کے قبیلہ کے سردار تھے اور یہود کا قبیلہ بھی ان کو سردار مانتا تھا

توریت کا تیسرا حکم – ارتاد کی سزا

توریت کا حکم ہے کہ مرتد کی سزا موت ہے- مرتد کے حوالے سے  غامدی صاحب  کا موقف یہ ہے کہ یہ سزا صرف نبی صلی الله علیہ وسلم کے دور کے مرتدین کے  لئے تھی جو مشرک تھے  ،اس کے بعد کسی شخص کو ارتداد کی یہ سزا نہیں دی جاسکتی ۔[برھان ،ص:۱۴۲،۱۴۳]۔ لیکن یہ دعوی بلا دلیل ہے – توریت کا انکار ہے

ابن عباس رضی اللہ عنہما سے مروی ہے کہ نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا: جو شخص اپنا دین(اسلام) تبدیل کرے اس کو قتل کردو

غامدی صاحب لکھتے ہیں

ارتداد کی سزا کا یہ مسئلہ محض ایک حدیث کا مدعا نہ سمجھنے کی وجہ سے پیدا ہوا ہے۔ابن عباس کی روایت سے یہ حدیث بخاری میں اِس طرح نقل ہوئی ہے – جو شخص اپنا دین تبدیل کرے، اُسے قتل کردو۔ ہمارے فقہا اِسے بالعموم ایک حکم عام قرار دیتے ہیں جس کا اطلاق اُن کے نزدیک اُن سب لوگوں پرہوتا ہے جوزمانۂ رسالت سے لے کر قیامت تک اِس زمین پر کہیں بھی اسلام کو چھوڑ کر کفر اختیار کریں گے۔اُن کی راے کے مطابق ہر وہ مسلمان جو اپنی آزادانہ مرضی سے کفر اختیار کرے گا، اُسے اِس حدیث کی رو سے لازماً قتل کردیا جائے گا۔اِس معاملے میں اُن کے درمیان اگر کوئی اختلاف ہے تو بس یہ کہ قتل سے پہلے اِسے توبہ کی مہلت دی جائے گی یا نہیں اور اگر دی جائے گی تو اُس کی مدت کیا ہونی چاہیے۔فقہاے احناف، البتہ عورت کو اِس حکم سے مستثنیٰ قرار دیتے ہیں۔اُن کے علاوہ باقی تمام فقہا اِس بات پر متفق ہیں کہ ہر مرتد کی سزا،خواہ وہ عورت ہو یا مرد، اسلامی شریعت میں قتل ہی ہے۔ لیکن فقہا کی یہ راے محل نظر ہے۔ رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کا یہ حکم تو، بے شک ثابت ہے، مگر ہمارے نزدیک یہ کوئی حکم عام نہ تھا، بلکہ صرف اُنھی لوگوں کے ساتھ خاص تھا جن پر آپ نے براہ راست اتمام حجت کیا اور جن کے لیے قرآن مجید میں ’مشرکین‘ کی اصطلاح استعمال کی گئی ہے۔

غامدی صاحب کی رائے میں اس سزا کو مشرکین پر لگایا گیا کیونکہ ان پر اتمام حجت ہو گیا تھا – لیکن کیا اہل کتاب پر اتمام حجت ہونے سے رہ گیا ظاہر ہے جس کو بھی رسول الله صلی الله علیہ وسلم کی خبر پہنچی اس پر اتمام حجت ہو گیا اور سوره البقرہ میں اس کا مکمل بیان ہے کہ اتمام حجت میں یہود شامل ہیں

اصل میں ارتاد کی سزا کا  تعلق اصلا اہل کتاب سے ہے –  اہل کتاب  کی اسٹریٹجی تھی کہ صبح کو ایمان لاو اور شام کو کافر ہو جاؤ غامدی صاحب سوره ال عمران کی آیات ٨٢ تا ٨٤ کا ترجمہ کرتے ہیں

اور اہل کتاب کا ایک گروہ کہتا ہے کہ مسلمانوں پر جو کچھ نازل ہوا ہے ، اُس پر صبح ایمان لاؤ اورشام کو اُس کا انکار کردیا کر و تاکہ وہ بھی برگشتہ ہوں۔ اور اپنے مذہب والوں کے سوا کسی کی بات نہ مانا کرو ۔۔۔ اِن سے کہہ دو، (اے پیغمبر ) کہ ہدایت تو اصل میں اللہ کی ہدایت ہے ۔۔۔ (اِس لیے کسی کی بات نہ مانا کرو کہ ) مبادا اِس طرح کی چیز کسی اور کو بھی مل جائے جو تمھیں ملی ہے یا تم سے وہ تمھارے پروردگار کے حضور میں حجت کرسکیں۔ اِن سے کہہ دو کہ فضل تو اللہ کے ہاتھ میں ہے ، جسے چاہتا ہے عطاکردیتا ہے اوراللہ بڑی وسعت اوربڑے علم والا ہے۔ وہ جس کو چاہتا ہے، اپنی رحمت کے لیے خاص کرلیتا ہے اور اللہ بڑے فضل والا ہے۔

اس رجحان کو روکنے کے لئے حکم نبوی تھا کہ جو دین بدلے اس کو قتل کر دو –  یہود کے مطابق اسی حکم کی  بنیاد پر عیسیٰ (علیہ السلام) کے قتل کا فتوی دیا گیا تھا کہ اس نے  (نعوذ باللہ) ابن الله ہونے کا دعوی کیا ہے (جو اصلا یہود کا اتہام ہے) – توریت کی   استثنا کے باب ١٣ کی آیات ٦ تا ١٠ ہے

استنسنا١٣٦

ارتاد پر مشرکین اور اہل کتاب کا قتل ہوا  مثلا یمن میں جب معآذ بن جبل  رضی الله عنہ پہنچے تو دیکھا ایسا ایک مقدمہ مرتد یہودی پر چل رہا ہے انہوں نے کہا میں گھوڑے سے نہ اتروں گا جب تک اس کا قتل نہ ہو

یہودی تعداد میں کم تھے لہذا ان میں قتل کی سزا عملا ختم ہو چکی تھی  وہ توریت کی ان آیات پر عمل نہ کرنا چاہتے تھے اور قرآن نے سوره المائدہ میں اہل کتاب  کو کہا کہ جو الله کا حکم نافذ نہ کرے وہ کافر ہے وہ ظالم ہے وہ فاسق ہے

لہذا رجم ہو یا عہد شکنی ہو یا ارتاد ہو ان سب کا  حکم توریت سے لیا گیا اور اسی کو اسلام میں جاری رکھا گیا – کیا یہ منبی بر انصاف تھا کہ ان سخت حدوں کو اہل کتاب پر تو لگایا جائے لیکن اہل اسلام کو بچا لیا جائے؟ سوچئے

و سلام على من اتبع الهدى

People of Torah

 

Then, We gave Moses the Book [the Taurat (Torah)], to complete (Our Favour) upon those who would do right, and explaining all things in detail and a guidance and a mercy that they might believe in the meeting with their Lord. (Al-Anam 154)

 

IN SEARCH OF HIDDEN TORAH

A Muslim’s Inquiry into Pentateuch 

Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him was an Arab from the descendants of Prophet Abraham.  He received the word of God at age of forty in a cave near Makkah. He belonged to the family associated with the House keeping of the Holy Kabba, a temple believed to be constructed by Abraham during his travel to Arabia. Muhammad peace be upon him proclaimed that  he is the  Messenger of Allah like Abraham, David, Moses and Jesus. He taught that for success in Hereafter, one must believe that God has sent earlier the Holy Scriptures on Moses, David and Jesus.  The revelations sent on him, now called Quran claimed that the basic faith of all the Prophets was same, however, with the passage of time this message is lost. And it happened due to people in the past, who have tempered with words of God by quoting out of context verses and changing the Divine text.

Quran is not unique in claiming the textual changes of the Torah.  The biblical Prophet  Jeremiah referred to it by saying,  false pen of the scribes has made it (word of God) into a lie (Jeremiah 8:8). Also Jeremiah said: They have not heeded my words, and as for my Torah, they have spurned it (Jer 6:19). Jesus has also denounced scribes for misinterpreting the God’s word (Mathew 23). Even before Jesus and Jeremiah, the authors of Book of Kings and Book of Chronicles informed that King Josiah  (639-609 BCE)  was a devout king of Jewish people and he  acted on law with all his heart and all his soul (2 Kings 23:25 and 2 Chronicles 34: 31-32). Josiah ordered the renovations of Solomon’s Temple to fill up the crevices (2 Kings 22, 2 Chronicles 34). While people were renovating it, the Torah, revealed on Moses was discovered.  When Josiah came to know about this he tore his robe in grief. After that Josiah started his mission of Catharsis of Land. He destroyed all High Places and graves where people were practicing the deviation from Law. It is believed that the hidden text in walls of Temple was based on book of  Deuteronomy.  Thus historically there was an attempt by the Temple Priesthood to hid the book of God.  Also, in the book of Nehemiah it is informed that Ezra, the scribe recited the whole Torah in congregation with some verses, which were never heard before.  Thus there was a tendency among scribes to add into the text of Holy book of Moses.

The recent advances in Biblical research has brought Abrahamic faiths much closer. The recent research on Documentary Hypothesis by biblical scholar Richard Elliot Friedman, is very interesting.  His research is now available in books titled Who wrote the Bible? and The Bible with Sources Revealed. Friedman has proposed that the Bible especially the five Books of Moses are comprised of different writings done in different times and circumstances. These writings were created under the influence of different   political conditions and tastes. For example the details of Temple services in Bible come from Priestly Writings. Also  there are writings which have clear influence of politics of southern and northern kingdoms. Some parts of the biblical text we have today are made up of the interweaving done by the Redactor. Not only that but the last book, Deuteronomy has three different writings. Friedman has identified the Deuteronomy chapter 12 to 26 as a separate ancient writing, which is referred as  Deuteronomic Law code.

Another important recent discovery is that of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). DSS  contains more than 225 biblical manuscripts, about 215 were discovered from Qumran, in region of Khirbet Qumran, near Dead Sea in  Israel between 1947 and 1956.  The manuscripts were in jars laid in eleven caves. It is still not resolved to which Jewish sect these  manuscripts were belong to. However one thing is clear that it was against the Priesthood in the Temple in Jerusalem and a community waiting anxiously for the appearance of Messiah. The manuscripts were written in Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek. The excavations further revealed the manuscripts in Wadi Murabbaat (1951-1952), Nahal Hever (1951-52 and 1960-61) and Masada (1963-65).  Through scientific methods the DSS are placed in the last two centuries BCE and the first century CE. Thus they are older than any available Bible present. DSS text quoted in this work is taken from The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English,  by Abegg, Jr., Martin, Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich, published by Harper, 2002.

A theory is proposed in this book  that some of the verses in Laws of Moses were added later as an outcome of the political and religious divisions in the early Second Temple  period. In the book of Nehemiah it is informed that Ezra the scribe recited the whole Torah with verses never heard before. The information given in Book of Chronicles, Kings, Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai and Zechariah is compared to understand the political divisions in this period.

The contents of chapters 12 to 24 of Deuteronomy is compared with Quran and Prophetic literature. The book is therefore gives reader a comparison between Torah,  Quran and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him.  The chapters in this work starts with an introductory chapter followed by a chapter on importance of Torah in Islam and then onwards the chapter numbers starts with  12, as in Book of Deuteronomy.  It is  hoped that readers find this investigation illuminating and interesting.

 

Abu Shahiryar

2013

There is almost a dearth of research on Biblical texts by Muslims in present era. The last noteworthy work in this field was done by  Rahmatullah Kiranvi (d.  1864 AD) by writing a book, Izhar-ul-Haque, on refutation of Christianity. But he too relied heavily on the earlier works[1].  In present era, Ahmed Dedaat,  has also followed the Izhar-ul-Haque in his speeches.  The approach followed by all these scholars is that the so-called five books of Moses or Pentateuch are changed due to textual corruption. From Islamic perspective this point of view is not incorrect, but this does not guide the readers to the True Torah of God still hidden in Bible.

 

About fourteen hundred years back, Quran claimed that Jews and Christians have tempered with the Divine text. The books of Jews were in Hebrew and Christians used Greek in liturgy and prayers.  It is informed in Hadith literature[2] that when the revelations first came on our holy Prophet peace be upon him, he went to his wife’s relative Waraqa bin Naufal, an Arab Christian who used to recite gospels in Arabic in Makkah.  Bukhari reported  that:

 

Khadija (Prophet’s wife, may Allah pleased with her) then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal bin Asad bin ‘Abdul ‘Uzza, who, during the PreIslamic Period became a Christian and used to write the writing with Hebrew letters. He would write from the Gospel in Hebrew as much as Allah wished him to write. He was an old man and had lost his eyesight. Khadija said to Waraqa, “Listen to the story of your nephew, O my cousin!” Waraqa asked, “O my nephew! What have you seen?” Allah’s Apostle described whatever he had seen. Waraqa said, “This is the same one who keeps the secrets whom Allah had sent to Moses. I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your people would turn you out.” Allah’s Apostle asked, “Will they drive me out?” Waraqa replied in the affirmative and said, “Anyone (man) who came with something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility; and if I should remain alive till the day when you will be turned out then I would support you strongly.” But after a few days Waraqa died…

 

Quran not only hinted towards scribal rendering of the Torah but it also says that it is known to the God fearing People of Scriptures. Quran says (Al-Imran 199):

 

And there are, certainly, among the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), those who believe in Allah and in that which has been revealed to you, and in that which has been revealed to them, humbling themselves before Allah. They do not sell the Verses of Allah for a little price, for them is a reward with their Lord. Surely, Allah is Swift in account. 

 

The true text of Torah and Injil thus was known to these God fearing people of the book.  The purpose of this work is to explore the hidden Torah in the five books of Moses.  The recent biblical scholarship and the discovery of Dead Sea Scrolls have brought us enough information that we can better understand the Quranic stance on previous scriptures.

 

Traditional view among Jewish people is that the Torah was written in Hebrew[3], called Tanakh comprising of five books. The names of each of these books are Bereshit (In  beginning; Genesis), Shemot (Names; Exodus), Vayikra (He called; Leviticus), Bamidbar (In the desert; Numbers) and Devarim (Words; Deuteronomy). In Rabbinic literature this is called Torah Shebichtav (תורה שבכתב) or written Torah. Christian called the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the Pentateuch, a term coined in Alexandria during Greek Period.

 

Among the Judeo-Christian scholars a theory was proposed by Eduard Reuss or Wilhelm Vatke and Leopold George called the Documentary Hypothesis, also known as the Grafian Hypothesis[4]. According to this theory, it is proposed that  parts of Pentateuch  were not written till after the fall of kingdom of Judah, and that the Pentateuch  in its present form was not publicly accepted as authoritative word of God till the reformation of Ezra during early Second Temple Period.  The work on this hypothesis continued and recently it is proposed by one scholar, Richard Elliot Friedman, that the Pentateuch is comprised of ten different writings. The list of his findings based on narrative style, idioms, textual intricacies and themes;  the ten different textual trends are following[5].

 

 

J It is called J because it always referred to God by name Jahveh (pronounced Yahweh in German). This text is most likely composed from 922 to 722 BCE. The author lived in southern Kingdom of Judah.
E It is called E because the author always referred to God with name Elohim or El. The author most likely a priest lived in northern Kingdom of Israel.
RJE This author is a historian who combined the text of J and E. So called Redactor of J & E.
P The central concern of this author is Priesthood, Temple paraphernalia, sacrifices and its issues. One view is that it is composed by Jerusalem Priesthood during first temple period.
Other text Some additional text on ages, lineages and Jewish tribes like book of Numbers 33
Genesis 14 A separate independent text
Dtn Deuteronomic Law code (chapter 12 – 26)
Dtr1 Deuteronomic history addition done in reign of Josiah circa 622 BCE
Dtr2 An exilic addition 
R  Final Redactor, who did interweaving of all above texts

 

The work is significant as it is not done by a Muslim and it proposed what Islam is saying for fourteen hundred years. The identification of Deuteronomy chapter 12 to 26 as Deuteronomic Law code as an independent ancient writing is a significant finding.   Further the discovery of  Dead Sea Scrolls shed a new light on the text of Bible as a whole. It is therefore used for comparison of texts in this work[6].

Political Influence of Ezra on Torah

 

The historical records of Book of Kings, Book of Chronicles, Book of Ezra and Nehemiah are also used to understand the final redaction of these chapters.  The early second temple period is very significant as Ezra, the scribe played a pivotal role in shaping up the final text of Bible.

 

It is informed in book of Ezra that King, Cyrus allowed the Jews in Babylon to return to Jerusalem. His decree was:

 

The LORD, the God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth and he has appointed me to build a temple for him at Jerusalem in Judah. Anyone of his people among you-may his God be with him, and let  him go up to Jerusalem in Judah and build the temple of the LORD, the  God of Israel, the God who is in Jerusalem. And the people of any place  where survivors may now be living are to provide him with silver and gold, with goods and livestock, and with freewill offerings for the temple of God in Jerusalem (Book of Ezra).

 

Table- 1: List of Persian Acahaemenid Kings[7]

Reign                     King                                       Period

539 -530               Cyrus II                                10 years

530 – 522              Cambyses II                        09 years

522 – 486              Darius                                   37 years

486 – 465              Xerxes I                                21 years

465 – 423              Artaxeres I                           42 years

 

Acting upon the Decree of Cyrus, some 42,360 Jews return to Jerusalem. The Prince of Jews was called Sheshbazzar (in Book of Ezra). The Sheshbazzar could be a non  Jew who might haven been acted as an administrator from Persian side. Zerrubabel son of Shealtiel[8] was the descendant of the King Joconiah and hence belonged to Davidic Dynasty. He was like the staff of Jesse[9] he has the chance to rule the Judeans again. The word Shealtiel sounds very similar to Shthiyl and Shathal,  meaning root plant in Hebrew.  Another important figure was Joshua son of Jehozadak[10] (as in Haggai and  Zechariah). Also known as Joshua son of Jozadak (as in Ezra). In First Book of Chronicles  we have been informed that Jehozadak was the High Priest of Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.  This shows that Zerrubabel belonged to Davidic dynasty and the Joshua belonged to  the high priest family. This theocratic administration under the guidance of Sheshbazzar  was the first Judean administration after Babylonian Exile.

 

 

 

 

 

Table- II: Information from Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai and Zechariah

 
Date                      
539                         Cyrus II allowed the Jews in Babylon to return to Judah [Ezra 1]
536                         Zerrubabel and Joshua the priest assign duties for TempleServices [Ezra 1]
536                         Temple foundations were laid [Ezra 3]
525 – 404                Egypt under Persian Control
520                         Revelation of God comes to Prophet Haggai and Zechariah [Haggai and Zechariah]
                                 Work stopped at Temple site till the second year of reign of Darius [Ezra 4]
516                         Work on Temple completed in the sixth year of reign of Darius [Ezra 6]
516 – 458                No information, 58 year silence
458                         Ezra met Artaxeres I in 7th year of his reign and arrived Jerusalem [Ezra 7]
445                         Nehemiah comes with Persian Army to Jerusalem [Nehemiah 1]
                                 In 52 days the Wall surrounding Jerusalem completed
433                         Nehemiah visited Artaxeres I [Nehemiah 13]
 

 

From 538 to 519 B.C.E. the most of returnees were poor except some elite clan  of former king’s and high priest’s family. The High priest Joshua and Judean leader Zerrubabel allowed the people of the land and Judeans to inter-marry and many of the priest and Levites had married with the non Jewish communities in Jerusalem. The fact only revealed at the end of book of Ezra.  In Judah a strong tension had been created within the Priestly class. Some supported the marriages with local communities and some straight-away rejected them. The group dynamics has affected the religious literature in this period.

 

Two contemporary prophets in time of Zerrubabel and  Joshua son of Jehozadak were Prophet Haggai and  Prophet Zechariah. The significant revelations they received were:

 

Table III: Revelation of God to Haggai and Zechariah

In Second year of Reign of Darius year 520
Date                                      Revelation
1st day – 6th month           People say it is not the time of Construction of Temple! (Haggai chapter 1)
21st day – 7th month        People say: Temple not majestic as it was before  (Haggai chapter 2)
8th month                                God says: Return to me I will return to you (Zechariah chapter 1)
24th day -9th month        Temple foundations laid (Haggai Chapter 2)
24th day – 11th month     God says: Jerusalem constructed without walls (Zechariah chapter 1)
 
 In Fourth year of Reign of Darius year 518
Date                                      Revelation
4th day – 9th month           Zechariah chapter 7
                                                        – Pray for rain Zechariah chapter 10
                                                       – People shall mourn for whom they pierced Zechariah chapter 12

 

The prophet Haggai also mentioned the plan of God that He will shake the nations and kingdoms to support the Judean leader Zerrubabel and God has declared him as his hand signet.

 

On that day, declares the LORD Almighty, ’I will take you, my servant  Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel,’ declares the LORD, ’and I will make  you like my signet ring, for I have chosen you,’ declares the LORD  Almighty.” (Haggai 2:23).

 

Thus revolutionary tendencies were brewing in Jerusalem. At the same time another prophet Zechariah were receiving the revelations from God Almighty that He has purified the High Priest Joshua. God announces to High Priest Joshua and his companions that He is about to bring in his slave meaning the branch[11] (Zechariah 3 and 6:9-15).  Prophets Haggai and Zechariah the son of Berechiah son of Iddo were closely associated with Zerrubabel and Joshua. What happened next is mysteriously missing.  There is almost a silence of 58 years between chapters 6 and 7 in book of Ezra.  In the text of Book of Ezra further information about  Zerrubabel and Joshua is strangely absent.

 

In the early second temple period the internal strife in the Jewish community has forced the Persian Administration to intervene. They sent a priestly Scribe who has the knowledge of Law (Ezra 7:1-6). The scribe requested the authority from Acamechmanid administration (Ezra 7:6):

 

Ezra[12] was a secretary[13] with a thorough knowledge of the Law which the Lord, the God of Israel, had given to Moses. Because Ezra had the blessing of the Lord his God, the emperor gave him everything he asked  for. In the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes, Ezra set out from Babylonia for Jerusalem with a group of Israelites which included priests, Levites, Temple musicians, Temple guards, and workers. They left Babylonia on the first day of the first month, and with God’s help  they arrived in Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month. Ezra had devoted his life to studying the Law of the Lord, to practicing it, and to teaching all its laws and regulations to the people of Israel. And you, Ezra, in accordance with the wisdom of your God, which  you possess, appoint magistrates and judges to administer justice to all the  people of Trans-Euphratesall who know the laws of your God. And you  are to teach any who do not know them. Whoever does not obey the law  of your God and the law of the king must surely be punished by death, banishment, confiscation of property, or imprisonment -Ezra 7:25-26

 

From the very start of his mission Ezra had the plan to replace the temple personal.   Ezra was against the marriages of leaders and TemplePriesthood with other nations. Ezra first looked for the Temple personnel (Levites) and brought them from Babylon. He enrolled 220 new personnel in Temple service[14]. In his next move[15], he handpicked Temple Priesthood for corrupting the holy seed and list them out in public and ask them to publically pronounce their confession[16].

 

Also Prophet Zechariah the son of Berechiah was brutally murdered in the precincts of HolyTemple by Jewish people themselves.  Jesus reprimanded the TemplePriesthood in Mathew 23:33-36:

 

You snakes! You brood of vipers! How will you escape being condemned to hell? Therefore I am sending you prophets and sages and teachers. Some of them you will kill and crucify; others you will flog in your synagogues and pursue from town to town.  And so upon you will come all the righteous blood that has been shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar.  Truly I tell you, all this will come on this generation

 

It is not clear whether Prophet Zechariah was murdered before the arrival of Ezra or after. Ezra later becomes the close associate of Nehemiah, the governor of Judah appointed by Persians.

 

The book of Nehemiah begins with a dramatic scene. A cup-bearer of the King Artaxeres in the palace Susa met with the Judeans. The Judeans narrated to the Royal cup-bearer the plight of Jews in Judah and the sorry state of holy city. We have been informed that Nehemiah had no prior knowledge of the Judeans and it seems like as if for the first time he heard the news that Jerusalem is the city with out walls with burned entrances and thresholds! Nehemiah cried and fasted.

 

There were in the 445 B.C.E. great upheavals in the Persian Empire. In Egypt in year 460 B.C.E. revolt broke out, which was put down in 455 B.C.E. In 448 B.C.E. Megabyzus, the satrap of trans-Euphrates rebelled. It means that just three years before Nehemiah met Judeans, a revolt broke out in the vicinity of Judah. It is quiet possible that some revolutionary tendencies were emerging in Judah also[17]. Nehemiah asked for the king’s permission to go to Judah to control the administration. Nehemiah’s visit of Judah looks more like an attempt to remove the then Jewish leaders from power. He arrived in Jerusalem with Army commanders and soldiers. We have been informed that he stayed in city for three days and told no body about his plans even the local Jews, priests, elites etc (Neh 2:16) were ill informed. The mission was kept in utter secrecy and at one night he inspected the city surroundings as well. No information has been given about the so called leaders of the city. Nehemiah is also very critical of former rulers and priests of the city. He denounced the rulers for heavy taxes on the population. The taxes were so high that people were mortgaging their property even selling there children into slavery. Nehemiah forced the Judean leaders and priests to take the  oath of returning what they had lent from farmers.  Further contrary to what God instructed via Zechariah that Jerusalem would be a city without walls, Nehemiah made a wall surrounding city in just 52 days, as if, he was set to construct it from beginning. This shows that there were differences between the people in land.

 

Nehemiah had benign relations with Ezra and even appointed him as the spokesman of the Judean-satrapy.  In book of Nehemiah it is informed that Ezra the scribe recited the Torah in congregation and read verses which were not heard before. The political differences between different groups caused the schism and emergence of Samaritan sect of Jews. For sake of comparison the Samaritan Deuteronomic law code is also included[18].

 

The focus in the present work is to compare the Deuteronomic Law code (in chapter 12 to 24) in its present form with the text discovered in Dead Scrolls and also to interpret the text with Quran and Prophetic saying to propose that this Law code is the actual hidden Torah. Further the content of some of the verses is explored in the light of politics of early second temple period to understand the final scribal touches done by Ezra.


[1] For example Al-Radd ‘ala ‘l-Nasara by Al-Jahiz, Abu ‘Uthman ‘Amr b. Bahr al-Fuqaymi al-Basri  (776 –d.  868).

[2] Sahih Bukhari

[3] It is reported in Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 460. that  Narrated Abu Huraira:

The people of the Book used to read the Torah in Hebrew and then explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. Allah’s Apostle said (to the Muslims). “Do not believe the people of the Book, nor disbelieve them, but say, ‘We believe in Allah and whatever is revealed to us, and whatever is revealed to you.’ ”

[4] Preface, Prolegomena to the History of Israel by W. Robertson Smith

[5] The Bible with Sources Revealed by Richard Elliot Friedman, 2003

[6] All texts of Dead Sea Scrolls is taken from The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English,  by Abegg, Jr., Martin, Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich, published by Harper, 2002.

 

[7] Dates are taken from Judaism in Persian Shadow by Jon L. Berquist, Wipf & Stock Publishers, 1995

[8] Zerrubabel is even called Governor in Haggai 1:14 also the Signet of God’s hand and his Servant in Haggai  2:23;  In 1 Chronicles Zerrubabel is grandson of Shealtiel see 3:18; Also  in Pesikta de-Rab Kahana it is stated that R Aha bar Abun bar Benjamin, citing R. Abba bar R. Papi, said: Great is the power of repentance, which led God to set aside an oath even  as it led Him to set aside a decree. Whence the proof that a man’s repentance led Him to set aside the oath He made in the verse As I live, saith the Lord, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim were the signet on a hand, yet by My right, I would pluck thee hence (Jer. 22:24)? The proof is in the verse where Scripture says [of one of Jeconiah’s descendants] In that day, saith the Lord of hosts, will I take thee, O Zerubbabel . . . the son of  Shealtiel . . . and will make thee as a signet (Haggai 2:23). And the proof that a man’s repentance led God to set aside a decree He issued in the verse Thus saith the Lord: Write ye this man childless, etc. (Jer. 22:30)?  The proof is in the verse where Scripture says, The sons of Jeconiah – the same is Asir – Shealtiel his son, etc. (1 Chron. 3:17). R. Tanhum bar Jeremiah said: Jeconiah was called Asir, ”one imprisoned,” because he  had been in prison (’asurim); and his sons called ”Shealtiel” because he was like a sapling, newly set out  (hustelah), through whom David’s line would be continued. [Pesikta de-Rab Kahana (5th c.), Yale Judaica  edition translated by William G. Braude and Israel J. Kapstein (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1975)]

[9] Father of Prophet David

[10] Jehozadak was also deported to Babylon along with King Jeconiah (1 Chronicle 6:15). In this way Joshua belongs to the Bene Zadok of priestly descent

[11] Referring to Zerrubabel as he is from the branch (lineage) of David.

[12] Ezra was scribe and according to others was a priest. In some  Islamic tradition he is usually considered as a Prophet, however there is no evidence for it. Ibn Hazam and Juwaini also accused Ezra for the textual rendering of Torah. Quran also informs that Ezra was exalted by Jews like Christians did for Jesus and some even claimed that Ezra is son of God (9:30).  A Jewish scholar explain this as:

“we can deduce that the inhabitants of Hijaz during Muhammad’s time knew portions, at least, of 3 Enoch in association with the Jews. The angels over which Metatron becomes chief are identified in the Enoch traditions as the sons of God, the Bene Elohim, the Watchers, the fallen ones as the causer of the flood. In 1 Enoch, and 4 Ezra, the term Son of God can be applied to the Messiah, but most often it is applied to the righteous men, of whom Jewish tradition holds there to be no more righteous than the ones God elected to translate to heaven alive. It is easy, then, to imagine that among the Jews of the Hijaz who were apparently involved in mystical speculations associated with the Merkabah, Ezra, because of the traditions of his translation, because of his piety, and particularly because he was equated with Enoch as the Scribe of God, could be termed one of the Bene Elohim. And, of course, he would fit the description of religious leader (one of the ahbar of the Qur’an 9:31) whom the Jews had exalted.” (from A History Of The Jews Of Arabia by Gordon Darnell Newby University Of South Carolina Press, p. 59, 1988)

[13] Ezra was holding the religious affairs office for Judah in the reign of Artaxeres. Ezra was more a bureaucratic official then a Priest.

[14] Ezra 8:20

[15] About four and a half month after his arrival to Jerusalem.

[16] Ezra chapter 10

[17] Zechariah chapter 6 hinted towards the revolut. As it is instructed to cast the crowns for the coming new leadership.

Taurat or Torah  (lit. instructions) was revealed to Moses on Mount Tur (Tur-ah in Hebrew would mean towards Tur ). Allah informed us in surah Al-Araf 145-147:

 

And We wrote for him (Moses) on the Tablets the lesson to be drawn from all things and the explanation of all things (and said): Hold unto these with firmness, and enjoin your people to take the better therein. I shall show you the home of the rebellious disobedient to Allah.  I shall turn away from My verses those who behave arrogantly on the earth, without a right, and (even) if they see all the proofs, they will not believe in them. And if they see the way of righteousness, they will not adopt it as the Way, but if they see the way of error, they will adopt that way, that is because they have rejected Our  verses, and were heedless (to learn a lesson) from them.  Those who deny Our  verses and the Meeting in the Hereafter (Day of Resurrection,), vain are their deeds. Do they expect to be rewarded with anything except what they used to do?

 

 

Belief in earlier scriptures is a central faith in Islam. Allah said in surah Al-Baqarah  verse 285:

 

The Messenger (Muhammad ) believes in what has been sent down to him from his Lord, and (so do) the believers. Each one believes in Allah, His Angels, His Books, and His Messengers. They say, “We make no distinction between one another of His Messengers” – and they say, “We hear, and we obey. (We seek) Your Forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the return (of all).”

 

Therefore a Muslim is not a Muslim if he denies the Torah and Injil.  In Prophet’s era Jews, Christians and pagans were claiming that Prophet Muhammad has copied the earlier scriptures and he is not a prophet but writing things from himself. Allah denounced this claim and informed that people of Scriptures were involved in this act.  Allah said in surah Al-Baqarah-79:

 

Then woe to those who write the Book with their own hands and then say, “This is from Allah,” to purchase with it a little price! Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for that they earn thereby.

 

The scholars of Jews quote out of context verses and changed the words from their places. Allah said in surah Al-Maidah verse 13:

 

So because of their breach of their covenant, We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard. They change the words from their (right) places and have abandoned a good part of the Message that was sent to them. And you will not cease to discover deceit in them, except a few of them. But forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds). Verily, Allah loves good-doers.

 

 

 

Also,  Allah said in surah Al-Maidah 41:

 

O Messenger (Muhammad )! Let not those who hurry to fall into disbelief grieve you, of such who say: “We believe” with their mouths but their hearts have no faith. And of the Jews are men who listen much and eagerly to lies – listen to others who have not come to you. They change the words from their places; they say, “If you are given this, take it, but if you are not given this, then beware!” And whomsoever Allah wants to put in error, you can do nothing for him against Allah. Those are the ones whose hearts Allah does not want to purify (from disbelief and hypocrisy); for them there is a disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter a great torment.

 

Allah said in surah Al-Imran 78:

 

And verily, among them is a party who distort the Book with their tongues (as they read), so that you may think it is from the Book, but it is not from the Book, and they say: “This is from Allah,” but it is not from Allah; and they speak a lie against Allah while they know it.

 

Allah informed that Jews still have the Torah with them. Allah said in surah Al-Maidah 43

 

But how do they come to you for decision while they have the Taurat (Torah), in which is the (plain) Decision of Allah; yet even after that, they turn away. For they are not (really) believers.

 

Also Allah said that Jews and Christians have Torah and Injeel (Gospel), but they implement it not. Allah said in surah Al-Maidah 66-68

 

And if only they had acted according to the Taurat (Torah), the Injeel (Gospel), and what has (now) been sent down to them from their Lord (the Qur’an), they would surely have gotten provision from above them and from underneath their feet. There are from among them people who are on the right course, but many of them do evil deeds. O Messenger (Muhammad )! Proclaim  which has been sent down to you from your Lord. And if you do not, then you have not conveyed His Message. Allah will protect you from mankind. Verily, Allah guides not the people who disbelieve.  Say “O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians)! You have nothing till you act according to the Taurat (Torah), the Injeel (Gospel), and what has been sent down to you from your Lord.” Verily, that which has been sent down to you (Muhammad ) from your Lord increases in many of them their obstinate rebellion and disbelief. So be not sorrowful over the people who disbelieve.

 

It is thus the stance that the Taurat or Torah is still known to Jews, but they followed it not and  quoted out of context verses, they uttered things as if sent by God and hid the Truth.

 

Further Allah said in surah Al-Baqarah -91

 

And when it is said to them (the Jews), “Believe in what Allah has sent down,” they say, “We believe in what was sent down to us.” And they disbelieve in that which came after it, while it is the truth confirming what is with them. Say: “Why then have you killed the Prophets of Allah aforetime, if you indeed have been believers?”

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 1 These are the laws and the judgments that you shall be watchful  to do in the land that YHWH, your fathers’ God, has given you to take possession of it, every day that you’re living on the land:[1] 2 “You shall destroy all the places where the nations that you’re dispossessing worshiped their gods there: on the high mountains and on the hills and under every lush tree. 3 And you shall demolish their altars and shatter their pillars and burn their Asherahs in fire and cut down the statues of their gods in fire and destroy their name from that place.
Dead Sea Scrolls 1 And the[se are the statutes and the ordinances which you shall be careful][2] to carry out [in the] land which the L[ORD, the God of your ancestors], has given [you to possess-all the days that you live on the earth. 2 You shall surely destroy all the places where the nations that you dispossess have served their gods: on the high mountains, and on] the hills, and under every [green tree. 3 And you shall break down their altars, and dash] their pillars [to pieces, and
b]u[rn their] Asheri[m with fire; you shall hew down the graven images of their gods]; you [shall oblite]rate their name from tha[t] place.
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 These [are] the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.2 Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:3 And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.

 

It is instructed in these verses that when you enter the holy land then you must not indulge yourselves into the false practices of those nations. Their places of worship should be destroyed.

 

Quran informed that  Allah instructed Moses  that you must show humility and ask forgiveness of Allah (surah Al-Araf 161-162):

 

And (remember) when it was said to them: “Dwell in this town  and eat there from wherever you wish, and say, ‘(O Allah) forgive our sins’; and enter the gate prostrate (bowing with humility). We shall forgive you your wrong-doings. We shall increase (the reward) for the good-doers.”. But those among them who did wrong changed the word that had been told to them. So We sent on them a torment from heaven in return for their wrong-doings.

 

There was cult of Mother Goddess prevailing in World at that time. Asherah in Semitic mythology was a Semitic mother goddess.  There were trees and posts dedicated to her[3].

 

It is informed that nation of Prophet Moses changed this commandment of Allah and act as wrong-doer.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 4 “you shall not do that for YHWH, your God. 5 But, rather, you shall inquire at the place that YHWH, your God, will choose from all your tribes to set His name there, to tent it. And you shall come there, 6 and bring there your burnt offerings and your sacrifices and your tithes and your hand’s donation and your vows and your contributions and the firstborn of your herd and your flock. 
Dead Sea Scrolls [4 You shall not act like  this toward the LORD your God. 5 But you are to seek the] place which the LORD [your] Go[d ch]ooses [from all your tribes to put his name there for his dwelling, and there you shall go], Ä[4] 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 4 Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God. 5 But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, [even] unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come 6 And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:

In these verses Allah instructed that you should not start worshipping at the altars of pagans. The place of Mosque would be shown to them when they enter the holy land.

 

Seven kind of offerings are explained that are permissible for Mosque or Temple service.

 

1. Burnt offerings

2. Sacrifices

3. Tithes- Ushur in Arabic i.e. one-tenth of production

4. Heave offerings- offered on special days

5. Vows- to fulfill one nazar.

6. Freewill offerings or voluntary offering

7. Firstlings of your herds- First yield from herd and field dedicated to God.

 

Muslims can understand the close parallel to these offerings in relation to Masjid-ul-Haram[5], as one cannot disrobe the Ihram[6] before doing the special sacrifice in the precinct of Holy Haram[7].

Masoretic Deuteronomy 7 And you shall eat there in front of YHWH, your God. And you shall rejoice about everything your hand has taken on, you and your households, in that YHWH, your God, has blessed you. 8 you shall not do it like everything that we’re doing
here today, each one, everything that’s right in his own eyes,
9 “because up to now you haven’t come to the resting place and to the legacy that YHWH, your
God, is giving you.
10 But when you’ll cross the Jordan and live in the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you as a legacy, and He’ll give you rest from all your enemies all around, and you’ll live securely,11  “then it shall be, the place that  YHWH, your God, will choose to tent His name there: there you shall bring everything that I command you, your burnt offerings and your sacrifices, your tithes and your hand’s donation and every choice one of your vows that you’ll  make to YHWH. 12 And you shall rejoice in front of YHWH, your God: you and your sons and your daughters and your servants and your maids and the Levite who is in your gates because he doesn’t have a portion or a legacy with you.  
Dead Sea Scrolls [11 Then to the place which the LORD you]r [God chooses to cause his name] to [dwell, you shall bring there all that I command you: your burnt offerings], and your sacrifices, [your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all] your [choice vows] which you vow [to the LORD. 12 And you shall rejoice before the LORD your God: you, your sons, your daughters, your menservants, your female servants, and the Levite who is within your gates, since he has no portion or inheritance with you] Ä
Samaritan Deuteronomy 7 And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hands unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.8 Ye shall not do after all [the things] that we do here this day, every man whatsoever [is] right in his own eyes. 9 For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you. 10 But [when] ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and [when] he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety; 11  Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and free will offerings, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD: 12 And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that [is] within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 13 “Watch yourself in case you would make your burnt offerings in any place that you’ll see. 14 But, rather, in the place that YHWH will choose in one of your tribes: there you shall make your burnt offerings, and there you shall do every- thing that I command you.15 Only, as much as your soul desires you may slaughter and may eat meat according to the blessing of YHWH, your God, that He has given you in all your gates. The impure and the pure may eat it: like a gazelle, like a deer. l6 Only, you shall not eat the blood. You shall spill it like water on the earth. 17 you may not eat within your gates the tithe of your grain or your wine or your oil or the first born of your herd or your flock or all your vows that youll make or your contributions or your hands donation. 18 “But, rather, you shall eat  them in front of YHWH, your God, in the place that YHWH, your God, will choose: you and your son and your daughter and your servant and your maid and the Levite who is in your gates. And you shall rejoice in front of YHWH, your God, about everything your hand has taken on. 19 Watch yourself in case you would leave the Levites, all your days in your land.   
Dead Sea Scrolls  [18 Instead you shall eat them before the LORD your God in the place which the LORD your God shall choose: you, your son], your [daug]hter, [your male servant, your female servant, and the Levite who is within] your gates; [and you shall rejoice before the LORD] your [God] in all [that you put your hand to. 19 For your own sake, be very careful] not to forsake [the Levite as long as you live in the Land….Ä
Samaritan Deuteronomy 13 Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest. :14 But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee. 15  Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.16          Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water.17           Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hands:18          But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that [is] within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.19          Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 20 “When YHWH, your God, will widen your border as He spoke to you, and you’ll say, ‘Let me eat meat,’ because your soul will desire to eat meat, you may eat meat as much as your soul desires.21 “when the place that YHWH, your God, will choose to put His name there will be far from you, then you shall slaughter from your herd and from your flock that YHWH has given you as I’ve commanded
you, and you may eat within your gates as much as your soul desires.
22 Just as a gazelle and a deer are eaten, so you shall eat it. The impure and the pure may
eat it together
. 23 Only, be strong not to eat the blood, because the blood: it’s the life; and you shall not eat the life with the meat. 24 You shall not eat it. You shall spill it like water on the earth. 25 You shall not eat it, so it will be good for you and for your children after you when you do what is right in YHWHs eyes.
Dead Sea Scrolls [22 Just as] the gazelle and [the deer are eaten, so you shall eat of them; the unclean and the clean person may eat from them alike … Ä   25 You shall not eat it, so that it may go well with you and with] your [childre]n after you, [since you will be doing what is right in the eyes of the LORD].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 20 When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.21  If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to tabernacle with his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.22 Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean among you and the clean shall eat [of] them alike.23 Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood [is] the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.24 Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water.25 Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do [that which is] right in the sight of the LORD.

Allah said in surah al-Maidah 4:

They ask you (O Muhammad ) what is lawful for them (as food ). Say: “Lawful unto you are At-Tayyibat [clean animals and foods]. And those beasts and birds of prey which you have trained as hounds, training and teaching them (to catch) in the manner as directed to you by Allah; so eat of what they catch for you, but pronounce the Name of Allah over it, and fear Allah. Verily, Allah is Swift in reckoning.”

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 26 “Only, you shall carry your holy things that you’ll have and your vows and shall come to the place that YHWH will choose. 27 And you shall do your burnt offerings, the meat and the blood, on the altar of YHWH, your God. And the blood of your sacrifices shall be spilled on the altar of YHWH, your God, and you shall eat the meat. 28 Be watchful that you listen to all these things that I command you so that it will be good for you and for your children after you forever when you’ll do what is good and right in the eyes of YHWH, your God.  
Dead Sea Scrolls 26 Take [ only yo] ur [holy things] which you have [and] your [vows], and g[o to the place which the LORD shall choose] .. Ä
Samaritan Deuteronomy 26 Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose.27 And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh.28 Observe and hear and do all these words which I command thee today, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest [that which is] right and good in the sight of the LORD thy God.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 29 “When YHWH, your God, will cut off the nations that you‘re coming there to dispossess from in front of you, and you’ll dispossess them and live in their land,30 “watch yourself in case you’ll be trapped after them, after their destruction from in front of you, and in case youll inquire about their gods, saying,  ‘How did these nations serve their gods? And Ill do that– I, too.’ 31 you shall not do this for YHWH, your God, because they did every offensive thing of YHWH
that He hates for their gods, because they would also burn their sons and their daughters in fire to their gods
!
Dead Sea Scrolls  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 29 When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land; 30 Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou inquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise. 31 Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.

 


[1] Translation of Masoretic Deuteronomy is taken from Bible with sources Revealed by R.E. Friedman. Friedman has added a footnote here: Deuteronomy 12-26 is a corpus of law known as the Deuteronomic law code. It is identified by the symbol Dtn. It is an old, independent document that was used by the  Deuteronomistic historian in the Dtn edition of the work. There are passages in which the Deuteronomistic historian may have expanded on the text, but it is now difficult to separate such expansions from the core text of laws.

 

[2] The highlighted text with square brackets […] represents the areas lost in scroll due to damage.

[3] Remnants of this cult are still present in Hindus.

[4] The symbol Ä shows that the text has gap here. It is believed that the text written is lost due to worms and time.

[5] Grand Mosque in Makkah  surrounding Kabbah, the ancient temple of Abraham

[6] Ihram is a non-stitched two cloth pieces wore with the vows to visit Kabbah

[7] Haram is the holy sanctuary surrounding Kabbah and spanning over several kilometres.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy    1 ”Everything  that I command you, you shall be watchful to do it. You shall not add onto it, and you shall not subtract from it.  2 “When a prophet or one who has a dream will get up among you and will give you a sign or a wonder,  3 and the sign or the wonder of which he spoke to you saying, ‘Let’s go after other gods,’ whom you haven’t known, ‘and let’s serve them’ -will come to pass,
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 If there arises in your midst a prophet or a dreamer of dreams, and he gives you a sign or a won]der, 2 and if the si[gn or the wonder] takes place, [concerning which he spoke to you; and if he says, “Let us go after other gods-which you have not known-and let us serve them,” 3 YO]U [shall not li]sten t[o the words of] that prophet [or to that dreamer of dreams. For the LORD your God is testing you, to k]now whether you [love the LORD your God with all your heart and
with all your soul].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 What thing soever I command you today, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.   2 If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder.       3  And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;

 

It is instructed in Torah that:

 

“When a prophet or one who has a dream will get up among you and will give you a sign or a wonder,  and the sign or the wonder of which he spoke to you saying, ‘Let’s go after other gods,’ whom you haven’t known, ‘and let’s serve them’ -will come to pass, “you shall not listen to that prophet’s words or  to that one who has the dream, because YHWH, your God, is testing you, to know whether you are loving YHWH, your God, with all your heart and with all your soul.

Prophet Muhammad is the only known, non-Jew, Prophet who claimed that God of Abraham and Moses is the true God. He is thus completely fulfilled this condition of Torah. Further Kabbah as a sanctuary established by Abraham and Ishmael was also well established.  Dead Sea Scrolls, describes Abraham’s travel to east to the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf region, then around the coast of Arabia to the Red Sea, and finally to the Sinai desert and then to his home[1].

Thus Allah or  Elah ( אֱלָהּ Aramaic word for God used in book of Ezra and Daniel, also see Deut. 32:15; 2Chr 23:15; Neh 9:17, Ez 5:1, 11; 6:14, 7:12, 19,21,23; Daniel 2:18,23,28,37,47; 3:15,6:8,13)  is worshiped at the temple at Makkah in Arabia  but with the passage of time people associated different minor deities working under Allah, like Arabs started believing that Angels are Allah’s daughters similar to Christian belief that Elah or El  has a son.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 4 “you shall not listen to that prophet’s words or  to that one who has the dream, because YHWH, your God, is testing you, to know whether you are loving YHWH, your God, with all your heart and with all your soul.  5 you shall go after YHWH, your God, and you shall fear Him, and you shall observe His commandments and listen to His voice and serve Him and cling to Him.  6 And that prophet or that one who has the dream shall be put to death, because he spoke a misrepresentation about YHWH, your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt and who redeemed you from a house of slaves, to drive you from the way in which YHWH, your God, commanded you to go. So you shall burn away what is bad from among you.  
Dead Sea Scrolls 4 You shall walk [after the LORD] your God, and you shall ser[ve him, and listen to his voice], and cling t[o him, and fear him, and kee]p [his commandments]. 5 And that prophet or dreamer of [dreams shall be put to death, because he has spoken rebellion against the LORD your God who brought you from the land ofE]gypt and [redeemed you] from the hou[se of bondage, by drawing you
aside from the way in which the LORD your God commanded you to walk. So you are to purge the evil from your midst].
Samaritan Deuteronomy Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul. 5 Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.:6           And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn [you] away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.

Dream-diviner was a practice prevalent in the then Egypt[2]. In both Judaism and Islam  there is no concept of dream-diviner.  A dream-diviner is only a prophetic attribute.

Allah said in surah Ash-Shura 51-53

It is not given to any human being that Allah should speak to him unless (it be) by Inspiration, or from behind a veil, or (that) He sends a Messenger to reveal what He wills by His Leave. Verily, He is Most High, Most Wise.  And thus We have sent to you (O Muhammad ) an Inspiration of Our Command. You knew not what is the Book, nor what is Faith? But We have made it (this Qur’an) a light wherewith We guide whosoever of Our slaves We will. And verily, you (O Muhammad ) are indeed guiding (mankind) to the Straight Path.  The Path of Allah, to Whom belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. Verily, all the matters at the end go to Allah (for decision).

 

While Moses were receiving these instructions on false prophets. An imposter by the name of  Samiri arouse among the Bene Israel and instructed them to worship  the Bull.

 Allah said in surah Al-Araf  145- 154

 And We wrote for him on the Tablets the lesson to be drawn from all things and the explanation of all things (and said): Hold unto these with firmness, and enjoin your people to take the better therein. I shall show you the home of the rebellious to Allah. I shall turn away from My signs those who behave arrogantly on the earth, without a right, and (even) if they see all the proofs, they will not believe in them. And if they see the way of righteousness, they will not adopt it as the Way, but if they see the way of error, they will adopt that way, that is because they have rejected Our verses and were heedless from them.  Those who deny Our signs and the Meeting in the Hereafter (Day of Resurrection,), vain are their deeds. Do they expect to be rewarded with anything except what they used to do?  And the people of Musa (Moses) made in his absence, out of their ornaments, the image of a calf (for worship). It had a sound (as if it was mooing). Did they not see that it could neither speak to them nor guide them to the way? They took it for worship and they were wrong-doers.  And when they regretted and saw that they had gone astray, they (repented and) said: “If our Lord have not mercy upon us and forgive us, we shall certainly be of the losers.”  And when Musa (Moses) returned to his people, angry and grieved, he said: “What an evil thing is that which you have done (i.e. worshipping the calf) during my absence. Did you hasten and go ahead as regards the matter of your Lord (you left His worship)?” And he threw down the Tablets and seized his brother by (the hair of) his head and dragged him towards him. Harun (Aaron) said: “O son of my mother! Indeed the people judged me weak and were about to kill me, so make not the enemies rejoice over me, nor put me amongst the people who are wrong-doers.”  Musa (Moses) said: “O my Lord! Forgive me and my brother, and make us enter into Your Mercy, for you are the Most Merciful of those who show mercy.”  Certainly, those who took the calf (for worship), wrath from their Lord and humiliation will come upon them in the life of this world. Thus do We recompense those who invent lies.  But those who committed evil deeds and then repented afterwards and believed, verily, your Lord after (all) that is indeed Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.  And when the anger of Musa (Moses) was appeased, he took up the Tablets, and in their inscription was guidance and mercy for those who fear their Lord.

 

Allah said in surah Ta-ha 85-97:

 

(Allah) said: “Verily! We have tried your people in your absence, and As-Samiri has led them astray.” Then Musa (Moses) returned to his people in a state of anger and sorrow. He said: “O my people! Did not your Lord promise you a fair promise? Did then the promise seem to you long in coming? Or did you desire that wrath should descend from your Lord on you, so you broke your promise to me (i.e disbelieving in Allah and worshipping the calf)?” They said: “We broke not the promise to you, of our own will, but we were made to carry the weight of the ornaments of the [Fir’aun’s (Pharaoh)] people, then we cast them (into the fire), and that was what As-Samiri suggested.”  Then he took out (of the fire) for them a statue of a calf which seemed to low. They said: “This is your ilah (god), and the ilah (god) of Musa (Moses), but [Musa (Moses)] has forgotten (his god).'” Did they not see that it could not return them a word (for answer), and that it had no power either to harm them or to do them good?  And Harun (Aaron) indeed had said to them beforehand: “O my people! You are being tried in this, and verily, your Lord is (Allah) the Most Beneficent, so follow me and obey my order.” They said: “We will not stop worshipping it (i.e. the calf), until Musa (Moses) returns to us.” [Musa (Moses)] said: “O Harun (Aaron)! What stopped you when you saw them going astray; “That you followed me not (according to my advice to you)? Have you then disobeyed my order?” He [Harun (Aaron)] said: “O son of my mother! Seize (me) not by my beard, nor by my head! Verily, I feared lest you should say: ‘You have caused a division among the Children of Israel, and you have not respected my word!’ ” [Musa (Moses)] said: “And what is the matter with you. O Samiri? (i.e. why did you do so?)” (Samiri) said: “I saw what they saw not, so I took a handful (of dust) from the foot print of the messenger and threw it. Thus my inner-self suggested to me.” Musa (Moses) said: “Then go away! And verily, your (punishment) in this life will be that you will say: “Touch me not; and verily (for a future torment), you have a promise that will not fail. And look at your god, to which you have been devoted. We will certainly burn it, and scatter its particles in the sea.”

 

Samri claimed that he took the dust from the footprint of Messenger i.e. of Moses  and it become so miraculous that it turned the effigy of the calf to utter sounds. Thus Samiri tried to show to Moses that he is still on his side.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 7 “When your brother, your mother’s son or your father’s son, or the wife of your bosom, or your friend who is as your own self will entice you in secret, saying, ‘Let’s go and serve other gods,’ whom you haven’t known, you and your fathers, 8 from the gods of the peoples who are all around you, those close to you or those far from you, from one end of the earth to the other end of the earth,
9 “you shall not consent to him, and you shall not listen to him, and your eye shall not pity him, and you shall not have compassion and shall not cover it up for him. 10 “But you shall kill him. Your hand shall be on him first to put him to death, and all the people’s hand thereafter. 11 “And you shall stone him with stones so he dies because he sought to drive you away from YHWH, your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt, from a house of slaves. 12 And all Israel will hear and fear and won’t continue to do a bad thing like this among you.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [6 If your neighbor-whether the son of ] your father [or  the son of] your [mother] or your son, or the wi[fe you cherish, or your friend] who is closest to you-[entices you] secretly, [sayin]g, “Let us g[o and serve other gods”-ones which you have not known, neither you nor] your [an]cestors, 7 from the gods of [the peoples who are around you, near you or far off from] you, from the ends of
the earth to [the other end of the earth-
8 you shall not consent to him or listen to him]. Your [eye shall not pity] him; nor shall you spare h[im or shield him, 9 but you must certainly put him to death. Your hand shall be fi]rst [upon him] to put him to death, and [afterward] the hands [of all the people. 10 You shall stone him to death with stones, because he has sought to dr]aw you aw[ay from the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of E]gypt, out of the h[ouse of
bondage. 11 Then all Israel will hear and be afraid, and] will no longer [do evil such as this is in your midst]. 12 If you hear it said concerning one of your cities which [the LORD your God
is giving you to dwell in
  
Samaritan Deuteronomy If thy brother, the son of thy father or the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which [is] as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;  8                 [Namely], of the gods of the people which [are] round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the [one] end of the earth even unto the [other] end of the earth; :9  Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him. 10                       But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. :11 And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage. 12 And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.

Similar instructions Allah gave in surah Luqman 14-15

And We have enjoined on man (to be dutiful and good) to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship, and his weaning is in two years give thanks to Me and to your parents, unto Me is the final destination.  But if they (both) strive with you to make you join in worship with Me others that of which you have no knowledge, then obey them not, but behave with them in the world kindly, and follow the path of him who turns to Me in repentance and in obedience. Then to Me will be your return, and I shall tell you what you used to do.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 13 “When you’ll hear in one of your cities that YHWH, your God, is giving you to live there, saying, 14 ‘Good-for-nothing people have gone out from among you and driven away their city’s residents, saying: “Let’s go and serve other gods,” whom you haven’t known,’ 15 and you’ll inquire and investigate and ask well, and, here, the thing is true-this offensive thing was done among you.16you shall strike that city’s residents by the sword, completely destroying it and everything in it and its animals with the sword.  17 And you shall gather all its spoil into the middle of its square, and you shall burn the city and all its spoil in fire entirely to YHWH, your God, and it shall be a tell eternally. It shall not be rebuilt again. 18 And let nothing from the complete destruction cling in your hand, so that YHWH will turn back from His flaring anger and will give you mercy. And He’ll be merciful to you and multiply you as He swore to your fathers
19when you’ll listen to the voice of YHWH, your God, to observe all His commandments that I command you today, to do what is right in the eyes of YHWH, your God.
 
Dead Sea Scrolls  13 “Wicked men have gone out from your midst and have led the inhabitants of] their city [astray] by saying, [‘Let us go and serve other gods, which you have not known,”’ 14 then you shall make inquiries, search out and investigate thoroughly. If the charge is established that such an abhorrent thing has been done among you, 15 you must certainly punish the inhabitants of that
city with the edge of the sword, destroying it completely, everything in it and its
livestock, [with the edge of the sword …. 18 when] you list [en to the voice of the LORD your God, by keeping all] his [com]mandments wh[ich I command you this day, to do what is right
and] goocf7 [in the eyes of the LORD your God].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 13 If thou shalt hear [say] in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying 14 [Certain] men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known; 15 Then shalt thou inquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, [if it be] truth, [and] the thing certain, [that] such abomination is wrought among you;  16 Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that [is] therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword. 17 And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again. 18 And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers; 19 When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do [that which is] right and good in the eyes of the LORD thy God.

These verses are about changing of faith from Monotheism back to Polytheism. The punishment for it is death both in Islam and Judaism.

Bukhari reported Volume 9, Book 84, Number 57:

Narrated ‘Ikrima:  Some Zanadiqa  were brought to ‘Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn ‘Abbas who said, “If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah’s Apostle forbade it, saying, ‘Do not punish anybody with Allah’s punishment (fire).’ I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah’s Apostle, ‘Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'”

Changing faith in ancient times was more like an act of treason.

 


[1] The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls by Geza Vermes, Genesis Apocryphon pp448-459

[2] The Torah a Modern Commentary edited by W. Gunther Plaut, Union of American Hebrew Congregation, 1981, pg 1430.

Masoretic Deuteronomy  1 “You ore children of YHWH, your God. You shall not cut yourselves and shall not make a bald place between your eyes for the dead. 2 Because you are a holy people to YHWH, your God, and YHWH has chosen you to become a treasured people to Him out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth. 3 “you shall not eat any offensive thing.4  “This is the animal that you shall
eat: ox, lamb of sheep, and lamb of goats, 5 deer and gazelle and roebuck and  wild goat and bison and antelope and mountain sheep 6 “and every animal that  has a hoof and that has a split of hooves in two, that regurgitates cud, among  animals, you shall eat it. 7 Except you shall not eat this out of those that regurgitate the cud and out of those that have a hoof: the camel and the rock-badger
and the hare, because they regurgitate cud and do not have a hoof; they are impure to you. 8 And the pig, because it has a hoof but no cud; it is impure to you. You shall not eat from their meat, and you shall not touch their carcass.
 
Dead Sea Scrolls  1 You are the children of the LORD your God. You shall not cut yourselves, nor shave your forehead for the dead. 2 For you are a holy people to the LORD your God, and the LORD has chosen you to be] a people for his own possession [above all peoples who are on the face of the earth. 3 You shall not eat any abominable thing. 4 Thes]e are the beasts [which you may eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat] .Ä 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 Ye [are] the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead. 2           For thou [art] an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD God of you hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that [are] upon the earth. :3 Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing. 4 And these [are] the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, and the sheep, and the goat. 5 The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, the pygarg, and the wild ox, and chamois. 6 Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, [and] cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat. 7 Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; [as] the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; [therefore] they [are] unclean unto you. 8                     And the swine, because it divideth the hoof and cloves the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it [is] unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.

In Islam the  land-animals who have flowing blood in them and they survive on natural vegetation like  grass and leaves, and animals which  do not prey on other animals i.e. predators are all considered clean or Kosher. This category includes animals like camel, cow, goat, buffalo, sheep, deer, etc.

In Islam All predatory animals and beasts, i.e. animals that hunt with their teeth, are considered unclean, such as a lion, cheetah, tiger, leopard, wolf, fox, dog, cat, etc. This includes also the birds of prey like eagle etc.

Further in Islam  all the non-hunter  birds who do not eat with their claws and do not prey on other animals and consume  grains and crop, are all considered Halal, such as a chicken, duck, pigeon, dove, sparrow.

So the principal is that the consumer of clean is considered as a clean animal. Locust, Camel and Hare on this principal are considered clean in Islam.

Now we analyze what is stated in the Torah verses:

 

Edible in Judaism every animal that  has a hoof and that has a split of hooves in two, that regurgitates cud Non-edible in Judaism you shall not eat this out of those that regurgitate the cud and out of those that have a (undivided)  hoof
Ox

Sheep

Goat

Deer

Gazelle

Roebuck

Wild goat

Bison

Antelope

Mountain sheep

 because they regurgitate cud and do not have a (undivided) hoof; CamelRock-badgerHare it has a hoof but no cud;  Pig
Also Kosher  in Islam Camel and Hare  are Kosher (Halal) in Islam Pig is non-Kosher in Islam

 

 

Further Allah said in surah Al-Anam 121

 

Eat not (O believers) of that (meat) on which Allah’s Name has not been pronounced (at the time of the slaughtering of the animal), for sure it is a disobedience of Allah. And certainly, the devils do inspire their friends (from mankind) to dispute with you, and if you obey them , then you would indeed be polytheists.

 

Allah instructed in Makkah, He  said in surah al-Anam:

 

141- And it is He Who produces gardens trellised and un-trellised, and date-palms, and crops of different shape and taste (its fruits and its seeds) and olives, and pomegranates, similar (in kind) and different (in taste). Eat of their fruit when they ripen, but pay the due thereof on the day of its harvest, and waste not by extravagance. Verily, He likes not those who waste by extravagance.

 

142. And of the cattle (are some) for burden  and (some are) small.  Eat of what Allah has provided for you, and follow not the footsteps of Satan. Surely he is to you an open enemy.

 

143. Eight pairs (you are allowed to  eat);  of the sheep two (male and female) , and of the goats two (male and female). Say (to pagans of Arabia): “Has He forbidden the two males or the two females, or (the young) which the wombs of the two females enclose? Inform me with knowledge if you are truthful.”

 

144. And (you are also allowed to eat) of the camels two (male and female), and of oxen two (male and female). Say (to pagans of Arabia): “Has He forbidden the two males or the two females or (the young) which the wombs of the two females enclose? Or were you present when Allah ordered you such a thing? Then who does more wrong than one who invents a lie against Allah, to lead mankind astray without knowledge. Certainly Allah guides not the people who are  wrong-doers.

 

145. Say (O Muhammad ): “I find not in that which has been inspired to me anything forbidden to be eaten by one who wishes to eat it, unless it be Maytatah (a dead animal died accidently) or blood poured forth (i.e. drink blood), or the flesh of swine (pork, etc.) for that surely is impure or  impious, (also forbidden to eat anything) that is dedicated to  others than Allah. But whosoever is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, (for him) certainly, your Lord is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

 

146. And unto those who are Jews, We forbade every (animal) with undivided hoof, and We forbade them the fat of the ox and the sheep except what adheres to their backs or their entrails, or is mixed up with a bone. Thus We recompensed them for their rebellion. And verily, We are Truthful.

 

147 If they (Jews) belie you (Muhammad ) say you: “Your Lord is the Owner of Vast Mercy, and never will His Wrath be turned back from the people who are wrong-doers.

 

Further instructions were given in Medinah:

  • Allah said in surah Al-Baqarah 173

He has forbidden you only the dead (animal which died without slaughter), and blood, and the flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a scrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, etc., on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned while slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

 

 

Further instructions were given later:

  • Surah Al-Maidah 3

Forbidden to you (for food) are: Al-Maytatah (the dead animals – cattle-beast not slaughtered), blood, the flesh of swine, and the meat of that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah, or has been slaughtered for idols, etc., or on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned while slaughtering, and that which has been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by the goring of horns – and that which has been (partly) eaten by a wild animal – unless you are able to slaughter it (before its death) – and that which is sacrificed (slaughtered) on An-Nusub (stone altars). (Forbidden) also is to use arrows seeking luck or decision, (all) that is Fisqun (disobedience of Allah and sin). This day, those who disbelieved have given up all hope of your religion, so fear them not, but fear Me. This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion. But as for him who is forced by severe hunger, with no inclination to sin (such can eat these above-mentioned meats), then surely, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 9 “you shall eat this out of all that are in the water: you shall eat every one that has fins and scales. 10 And you shall not eat anyone that does not have fins and scales; it is impure to you. 11 ”And you shall eat any pure bird. 12 “And this is what you shall not eat from them: the eagle and the vulture and the black vulture  13 and the kite and the falcon by its kind 14 and every raven by its kind  15 “and the eagle owl and the night-hawk and the sea gull and the hawk by its kind, 16 “the little owl and the great owl and the white owl 17 and the pelican and the fish hawk and the cormorant 18 and the stork and the heron by its kind and the hoopoe and the bat. 19 ”And every swarming thing of flying creatures; it is impure to you. It shall not be eaten. 20 you shall eat every pure bird. 21 “you shall not eat any carcass. You shall give it to the alien who is in your gates, and he will eat it, or sell to a foreigner. Because you are a holy people to YHWH, you’re God. “You shall not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [19 And all winged creeping things ar]e [unclean] to you; you shall not eat  [of them. 20 Of all clean birds you may eat. 21 You shall not eat of] anything that dies by itself. [You may give it] to the stranger [who is within your gates, so that he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner]; for [yo]u a[re] a holy people [to the LORD your God. You shall not boil a kid i]n its mother’s milk.
Samaritan Deuteronomy And these ye shall eat of all that [are] in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat 10 And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it [is] unclean unto you. 11 [Of] all clean birds ye shall eat. 12 But these [are they] of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the osprey. 13 And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind 14 And every raven after his kind 15 And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckoo after his kind, and the hawk after his kind 16                        And the little owl, and the osprey, and the great owl, and the swan 17               And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant 18 And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. 19 And every creeping thing that flieth [is] unclean unto you: from them it shall not be eaten. 20 [But of] all clean fowls ye may eat 21        Ye shall not eat [of] any thing that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that [is] in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou [art] an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother’s milk.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 22 “You shall tithe all of your seed’s produce that comes out of the field year by year. 23 And you shall eat the tithe of your grain, your wine, and your oil and the firstborn of your herd and your flock in front of YHWH, your God, in the place that He will choose to tent His name there, so that you’ll learn to fear YHWH,  your God, all the days. 24 And if the way will be too long for you because you won’t be able to carry it because the place that YHWH, your God, will choose to set His name there will be far from you, because YHWH, your God, will bless you, 25 then you shall give it by money. And you shall enclose the money in your hand and go to the place that YHWH, your God, will choose. 26 And you shall spend the money for anything that your soul will desire: for herd and for flock and for wine and for beer and for anything that your soul will ask of you. And  you shall eat there in front of YHWH, your God, and you shall rejoice, you and your household. 27  And the Levite who is in your gates: you shall not leave him, because he doesn’t have a portion and legacy with you.   
Dead Sea Scrolls  [22 You shall indeed tithe all the increase of your seed, which comes from] the fields year [by year. 23 In the presence of the LORD your God, at the place he will choose as a dwelling for his name, you shall eat the tithe of your grain, your wine, and your oil, as well as the firstborn of your herd and flock, so that you may learn to fear the LORD your God always. 24 But if the road is too long for you, so that you are not abl]e t0 carry the tithe-since [the place] is too distant [from you,
where the LORD your God chooses to set his name when the LOR]n your God [blesses you- 25 then you shall exchange it for money, bind up the money in your hand, and go to the place which] the LORD your God [cho]oses. [26 And you shall spend the money for whatever your heart desires: for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatever yo]ur [heart desires]. Then you
shall eat there b[efore the LORn your God, and you shall rejoice, you and your household. 27 And as for the Le]vite who is within [your] ga[tes-you shall not neglect him, fo]r [he] has n[o portion or inheritance with you].
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.  23 And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose the LORD God to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always. 24                    And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; [or] if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee. 25 Then shalt thou turn [it] into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose. 26                     And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household. 27 And the Levite that [is] within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.

Allah said in Surah Maidah 5

Made lawful to you this day are At-Tayyibat. The food of the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) is lawful to you and yours is lawful to them.

Masoretic Deuteronomy  28 At the end of three years you shall bring out all the tithe of your produce in that year and leave it within your gates, 29 and  the Levite will come, because he doesn’t have a portion and legacy with you, and the alien and the orphan and the widow who are in your gates, and they shall eat and be full, so that YHWH, your God, will bless you in all your hand’s work that youll do.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [28 At the end of every three year]s you shall bring [the full tithe of your increase in the same year, and lay it up with]in your gates. 29 And [the Levite, because he has no portion or inheritance with you, and the foreigner, the orphan and the widow who are within your gates] shall co[me, and eat and be satisfied, so that the LORD your God may bless you in all the work of your hands which you
undertake] .
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay [it] up within thy gates.  29 And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which [are] within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands which thou doest.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  1 “At the end of seven years you shall make a remission. 2 ‘And this is  the matter of the remission: every holder of a loan is to remit what he has lent his neighbor. He shall not demand it of his neighbor and his brother, because a remission for YHWH has been called. 3 you may demand it of a foreigner, but
your hand shall r
emit whatever of yours is with your brother.4  “Nonetheless.  here won’t be an indigent one among you, because YHWH will bless you in the  and that YHWH, your God, is giving you as a legacy, to take possession of it. 5 Only if you’ll listen to the voice of YHWH, your God, to be watchful to do all of  this commandment that I command you today. 6 When YHWH, your God, will have blessed you as He spoke to you, then you’ll lend to many nations, but you  won’t borrow; and you’ll dominate many nations, but they won’t dominate you.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 At the end of every seven years you shall] grant a remission of debts. 2 And this is the m[anner of the remission]: every creditor [shall release] wh[at] [he has lent to his neighbor]; he shall [no]t exact it100 because [the LORD’s] remission has been proclaimed. [3 You may exact it of a foreigner, but whatever of] yours is with [your] b[rother your hand shall remit. 4 However, there shall be no p]oor [among you], for [the LORD will surely] bless [you in the land which the LORD] your God is giving [you for an inheritance to possess, 5 if only you listen fully to the voice of the L]ORD [your] Go[d, by being careful to carry out this entire commandment] which I command you [this day. 6 For the LORD your God will bless you, just a]s he promised you; [you] will lend [to many nations but not borrow, yo]u [will rule over] ma[ny natio]ns but [they shall not rule] over [you].   
Samaritan Deuteronomy  1 At the end of [every] seven years thou shalt make a release. 2 And this [is] the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth [ought] unto his neighbour shall release [it]; he shall not exact [it] of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD’s release. 3 Of a foreigner thou mayest exact [it again]: but [that] which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release; 4 Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD God shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee [for] an inheritance to possess it. 5 Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all these commandments which I command thee this day.  6                 For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee. 7 If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 7 “When there will be an indigent one among you from one of your brothers within one of your gates in your land that YHWH, your God, is giving you, you shall not fortify your heart and shall not shut your hand from your brother who is indigent. 8 But you shall open your hand to him and shall lend to him, enough for his shortage that he has. 9 Watch yourself in case there will be something good-for-nothing in your heart, saying, ‘The seventh year, the remission year, is getting close,’ and your eye will be bad toward your brother who is indigent, and you won’t give to him; and he’ll call to YHWH about you, and it will be a sin in you. 10 You shall give to him, and your heart shall not be bad when you’re giving to him, because on account of this thing YHWH, your God, will bless you in everything you do and in everything your hand has taken on. 11 “Because there won’t stop being an indigent in the land. On account of this I command you, saying: you shall open your hand to your brother, to your poor, and to your indigent in your land.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [7 If there is among you anyone in need-a member of your community in any of your towns within the land which the LORD your God is giving you-do not be hard-hearted or tight-fisted toward your poor neighbor. 8 Rather] you shall [indeed] open your hand to him, and [shall indeed] lend [him sufficient for his need, whatever he requires]. 9 Be care[ful] lest there be a [wicked] th[ought in your heart which says], “The seventh year, the year of remis[sion, is at hand,” and your eye is hostile toward your ne]edy [neighbor], and you [giv]e nothing to
[him]. Then he may cry out [to the LORD against you, and it will be accounted as a sin to you. 10 You shall indeed giv]e to him, and [your] he[art] shall not be g[rieved when you give to him; because of this the LORD your God will bless you in all your work, and in everything you put your hand to].
Ä 
Samaritan Deuteronomy  7 If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother: 8 But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, [in that] which he wanteth. 9 Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee. 10 Thou shalt surely give him, and in thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.  11 For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 12 “When your Hebrew brother or sister will be sold to you, then he shall work for you six years, and in the seventh year you shall let him go liberated from you. 13 And when you let him go liberated from you, you shall not let him go empty-handed. 14 You shall provide him from your flock and from your threshing floor and from your wine press; as YHWH, your God, has blessed you, you shall
give to him.
15 And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and YHWH, your God, redeemed you. On account of this, I command you this thing today. 16 ”And it will be, if he’ll say to you, ‘I won’t go out from you’ because he loves you and your house, because it is good for him with you, 17 “then you shall take an awl and put it in his ear and in the door, and he shall be a slave forever to you. And you shall also do this to your maid,18 It shall not be hard in your eyes
when you let him go liberated from you, because he served you six years at twice the value of an employee, and YHWH, your God, will bless you in everything that you’ll do.
  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [14 … you shall supply him liberally from your flock, from your threshing-floor, and from your winepress; just as the L]ORDIOI your G[od has blessed] you shall give to him. 15 A[ nd you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God redeemed you; therefore] I command you to d[o this] thi[ng today. 16 And if he says to you, “I will not leave you,” becau]se he lov[es you and your house and because he fares well with you, 17 then you
shall take an awl and thrust it] through his earlobe [into the door, and he shall be your servant forever. And you shall also do the same to your female servant].
18 This will [not] seem hard [to you when you let him go free from you, for he has served you for six years, t]wice [as much as] the hire of a hired hand; [and the LORD your God will bless you] in all that you do.
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 12 [And] if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee. 13 And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty. 14                Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him. 15 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day. 16 And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee; 17                Then thou shalt take an awl, and thrust [it] through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise. 18                        And it shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant [to thee], in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 19 “Every male firstborn that will be born in your herd and in your flock you shall consecrate to YHWH, your God. You shall not work with your ox’s firstborn, and you shall not shear your sheep’s firstborn. 20 you shall eat it in front of YHWH, your God, year by year in the place that YHWH will choose-you and your household. 21 “And if there will be an injury in it –crippled or blind, any bad
injury-you shall not sacrifice it to YHWH, your God. 22 you shall eat it within your gates-the impure and the pure together, like
a gazelle and like a deer. 23 0nly: you shall not eat its blood. You shall spill it like water on the ground.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [19 All the firstborn males that are born of] your herd [and of your flock you shall consecrate to the LORD your God; you shall do no work with the firstborn of your herd, nor shear the firstborn of your flock] ..Ä 
Samaritan Deuteronomy
19 All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep. 20 Thou shalt eat [it] before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household. 21 And if there be [any] blemish therein, [as if it be] lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God. 22 Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean [person shall eat it] alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart. 23 Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  1 ‘Observe the month of Abib[1], and you shall make Passover for YHWH, your God, because in the month of Abib YHWH, you’re God, brought you out from Egypt at night. 2 And you shall make a Passover sacrifice to YHWH, your God, of the flock and herd, in the place that YHWH will choose to tent His name there. 3 you shall not eat leavened bread with it. Seven days you shall eat
unleavened bread, the bread of degradation, with it, because you went out from the land of Egypt in haste-so that you will remember the day you went out from the land of Egypt all the days of your life. 4 And you shall not have leaven appear within all your borders for seven days, and none of the meat that you will sacrifice in the evening on the first day shall remain until the morning. 5 you may not make the Passover sacrifice within one of your gates that YHWH, your God,
is giving you. 6 But, rather, to the place that YHWH, your God, will choose to tent His name: there you shall make the Passover sacrifice in the evening at sunset, the time when you went out from Egypt. 7 And you shall cook and eat it in the place that YHWH, your God, will choose; and you shall turn in the morning
and go to your tents.
8 Six days you shall eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day shall be convocation to YHWH, you’re God. You shall not do work.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 Observe the month of Abib and keep the Passover for the LORD your God, because in the month of Abib the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night. 2 And you shall sacrifice the Passover to the LORD your God, from the flock and] the herd, [in the place which the LORD chooses to make his name dwell there. 3 You shall ea]t [no] le[avened bread] with it; [for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread with it, the bread of affliction, since you came out
of the land of Egypt in haste–so that you may remember the day when you came out of the land of Egypt all the days of your life. 4 And] no [Ieaven] shall be seen with you [in all your borders for seven days; nor shall any of the meat which you sacrifice on the evening of the first day remain all night until the mo ]rning .
[5 You are not allowed to offer the Passover sacrifice within any of your towns that the LORD your God is giving you, 6 but rather at the place which the LORD] your [Go]d [chooses] to make his name to dwell there. [There you shall sacrifice the Passover at evening, at the setting of the sun, at the time when you came out] o[f Egypt]. 7 Then you shall cook and eat [it in the place which] the LORD your God [chooses; and you shall return in the morning and go to your tents. 8 For s]even days unleavened bread you shall eat, [and on the seventh day there shall be a solemn assembly to the LOR]D your Go[d]; you shall not do any [work] on it.
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night. 2                Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD God of you shall choose to place his name there. 3 Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, [even] the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life. 4 And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there [any thing] of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day between the even, remain all night until the morning.5 And thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee. 6 But in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.  7                    And thou shalt roast and eat [it] in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents. 8 Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day [shall be] a celebration to the LORD thy God: thou shalt not do any work of service [therein].

Narrated Ibn ‘Abbas:

The Prophet came to Medina and saw the Jews fasting on the day of Ashura[2]. He asked them about that. They replied, “This is a good day, the day on which Allah rescued Bani Israel from their enemy. So, Moses fasted this day.” The Prophet said, “We have more claim over Moses than you.” So, the Prophet fasted on that day and ordered (the Muslims) to fast (on that day)[3].

Narrated Abu Musa:

The day of ‘Ashura’ was considered as ‘Id (Celebration) day by the Jews. So the Prophet ordered, “I recommend you (Muslims) to fast on this day.”[4]

Narrated Ibn ‘Abbas:

When the Prophet came to Medina, he found (the Jews) fasting on the day of ‘Ashura’ (i.e. 10th of Muharram). They used to say: “This is a great day on which Allah saved Moses and drowned the folk of Pharaoh. Moses observed the fast on this day, as a sign of gratitude to Allah.” The Prophet said, “I am closer to Moses than they.” So, he observed the fast (on that day) and ordered the Muslims to fast on it[5].

Masoretic Deuteronomy 9 “you shall count seven weeks. From when the sickle begins to be in the standing grain you shall begin to count seven weeks.  10 And you shall make a Festival of Weeks for YHWH, your God, the full amount of your hand’s contribution that you can give insofar as YHWH, your God, will bless you. 11 “And you shall rejoice in front of YHWH, your God you and your son and your daughter and your servant and your maid and the Levite who is within your gates and the alien and the orphan and the widow who are among you-in the place that YHWH, your God, will choose to tent His name there. 12 And you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and you shall be watchful and do these laws.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  9 You shall count off seven weeks [for yourself; from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain you shall begin] to count seven weeks. 10 And you shall celebrate [the feast of weeks to the LORD your God with a gi]ft  of freewill offerings from your hand, which you shall give [in ac]cordance with how [the LORD your God blesses you; 11 and] you [shall rejoice] before the LORD your God-[yo]u, your son, [your daughter, your male servant, your female servant,
the] Levite who is within your gates, [the foreigner, the orphan, and the widow
who are] in your midst, in [the place which the ‘LORD] your God [chooses] to [make his name dwell there. 12 Remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and carefully observe these statutes] …Ä  
Samaritan Deuteronomy Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from [such time as] thou beginnest [to put] the sickle to the corn. 10                       And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hands, which thou shalt give [unto the LORD thy God], according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee. 11                      And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that [is] within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that [are] among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there. 12 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in land of Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes.

It is believed by author that verse 9 till 17 (excluding some of  verse 16) were added by Ezra. As these days were not celebrated before Second Temple Period.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 13 “you shall make a Festival of Booths[6] seven days, when you gather from your threshing floor and from your wine press.14 And you shall rejoice on your festival- you and your son and your daughter and your servant and your maid and the Levite and the alien and the orphan and the widow who are within your gates.15  “Seven days you shall celebrate for YHWH, your God, in the place that YHWH will choose, because YHWH, your God, will bless you in all your produce and all your hands’ work, and you shall just be happy. 16 “Three times in the year every male of yours shall appear in front of YHWH, your God, in the place that He will choose: on the Festival of Unleavened Bread and on the Festival of Weeks[7] and on the Festival of Booths. And he shall not appear in front of YHWH empty-handed: 17 each according to what his hand can give, according to the blessing of YHWH, your God, that He has given you.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 13 Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine. 14 And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that [are] within thy gates. 15                 Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD God of you shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.16 Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty. 17  Every man [shall give] as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.

It is believed by author that Feast of Booths was added by Ezra in Law.  It is written in book of Nehemiah:

They found written in the Law, which the LORD had commanded through Moses, that the Israelites were to live in booths during the feast of the seventh month and that they should proclaim this word and spread it throughout their towns and in Jerusalem: ”Go out into the hill country  and bring back branches from olive and wild olive trees, and from myrtles, palms and shade trees, to make booths”-as it is written. So the people went out and brought back branches and built themselves booths on their own roofs, in their courtyards, in the courts of the house  of God and in the square by the Water Gate and the one by the Gate of Ephraim. The whole company that had returned from exile built  booths and lived in them. From the days of Joshua son of Nun until that day, the Israelites had not celebrated it. And their joy was very great. Day after day, from the first day to the last, Ezra read from the Book of  the Law of God. They celebrated the feast for seven days, and on the eighth day, in accordance with the regulation, there was an assembly- Nehemiah 8: 14- 19

Ezra wants the feast of Seventh month to be celebrated in Public. It is also important that this feast is ordained by God but none of the King of Jews bothered to celebrate this, not even David celebrated this.  On the contrary, according to Zechariah, this was not a day of Feast but of mourning:

 

Then the word of the LORD Almighty came to me: ”Ask all the people of the land and the priests, Have you fasted and mourned in the fifth  and seventh months for the past seventy years, was it really for me that  you fasted? And when you were eating and drinking, were you not just feasting for yourselves? Are these not the words the LORD proclaimed through the earlier prophets when Jerusalem and its surrounding towns  were at rest and prosperous, and the Negev and the western foothills  were settled?’ ” -Zechariah 7: 3 – 6

After some time in the Second Temple period, Jewish people declared some days as days of festival. Zechariah received revelations:

Again the word of the LORD Almighty came to me. This is what the LORD Almighty says: The fasts of the fourth, fifth, seventh and tenth  months will become joyful and glad  occasions and happy festivals for Judah. Therefore love truth and peace. Zechariah 8: 18

No one knows about these days as festival before Second temple period. The Judeans used to mourn on these days and later after return they changed the same days into days of celebration. We know from book of Kings and Chronicles that King Josiah was very devout and religiously observed the festivals mentioned in Book of Moses (In words of author of book of Kings and Chronicles, acted on law with all his heart and all his soul 2 Kings 23:25, 2 Chr 34: 31-32). The only festival he had celebrated was feast of unleavened bread.

The contemporary of Ezra, Prophet Zechariah claimed that the feast of booths or Tabernacle would be celebrated not only by Jews  but by all nations

Then the survivors from all the nations that have attacked Jerusalem will go up year after year to worship the King, the LORD Almighty, and to celebrate the Festival of Tabernacles.

 On the other side, Ezra wants these festivals for Jews only.

  

Masoretic Deuteronomy 18 “You shall put judges and officers in all your gates that YHWH, your God, is giving you, for your tribes, and they shall judge the people: judgment with justice. 19 you shall not bend judgment, you shall not recognize a face, and you shall not take a bribe, because bribery will blind the eyes of the wise and undermine the words of the virtuous. 20 “Justice, justice you shall pursue, so that you’ll
live, and you’ll take possession of the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you.
21 “You shall not plant an Asherah of any wood near the altar of YHWH, your God, that you will make. 22 And you shall not set up a pillar, which YHWH, your God, hates.  
Dead Sea Scrolls 21 You shall not plant for yourself [an Asherah of any kind of tree beside the altar of the LORD your God which] you shall make for yourself. 22 Neit[her shall you set up for yourself a pillar, which the LORD your God hates].
Samaritan Deuteronomy Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment. 19 Thou shalt not wrest judgment; and thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous. 20                 That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee. 21      Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee. 22               Neither shalt thou set thee up [any] image; which the LORD thy God hateth.

 


[1] First month of Jewish calendar also called Nisan; As both Jews and Arabs followed lunar calendar,  the Arabic  month of Muharram  coincides with Jewish month of Abib.

[2] 10th day of first month of Muslim lunar calendar equivalent to Abib

[3] Sahih Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 31, Number 222

 

[4] Sahih Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 31, Number 223:

 

[5] Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 55, Number 609:

 

[6] Feast of Booths, Feast of Tabernacles is  celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei (seventh month), also called Sukkoth.

 

[7] Fesat of Shavuot, celebrated in month of Sivan (third month of calendar), as an  anniversary of the day when God gave the Torah to Bene Israel under MountTur. According to Wikipedia: “In the Bible, Shavuot is called the Festival of Weeks (Hebrew: חג השבועות, Ḥag ha-Shavuot, Exodus 34:22, Deuteronomy 16:10); Festival of Reaping (Hebrew: חג הקציר, Ḥag ha-Katsir, Exodus 23:16), and Day of the First Fruits (Hebrew יום הבכורים, Yom ha-Bikkurim, Numbers 28:26)”. This shows that Ezra inserted the concept of this day at several places. According to Wikipedia: “  Shavuot was thus the concluding festival of the grain harvest, just as the eighth day of Sukkot (Tabernacles) was the concluding festival of the fruit harvest. During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, an offering of two loaves of bread from the wheat harvest was made on Shavuot.”

Masoretic Deuteronomy 1 “You shall not sacrifice to YHWH, you, God, a bull a’ a sheep in which will be any injury, any bad thing, because that is an offensive thing of YHWH, your God. 2 “if there will be found among you, in one of your gates that YHWH, your God, is giving you, a man or woman who will do what is bad in the eyes of YHWH, your God, to violate His covenant, 3 and will go and serve other gods and bow to them and to the sun or to the moon or to any of the array of the skies,  which I did not command, 4 “and it will be told to you and you will hear it, and you  will inquire well, and, here, it is true, the thing is right, this offensive thing has  been done in Israel, 5 then you shall bring that man or that woman who did this  bad thing out to your gates, the man or the woman, and you shall stone them with stones so they die. 6 “On the word of two witnesses or three witnesses shall the one who is to die be put to death. One shall not be put to death on the word of one witness.
7 The witnesses’ hand shall be on him first to put him to death, and all the people’s hand after that. So you shall burn away what is bad from among you.
 
Dead Sea Scrolls  1 You shall not sacrifice to the LO[RD your God an ox or a sheep on which there is a blemish or an]y defect, for [that is] an abomi[nation to the LORD your God]. 2 If there is found in [your] midst-[within any of your gates which the LORD your God gives you-a man or woman who does what is evil in. the sight of the LORD your God by transgressing] his covenant, 3 and has go[ne and served other gods and worshiped them, or the sun or] the moon o[r any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded; 4 and if this is reported to you and you have heard of it], then you shall investigate this tho[rougWy. And if it is really true, and if the matter is certain that such abomination has been committed] in Israel, 5 then [you] shall b[ring out that man or that] woman wh[o has done] this [evi]l [thing] to [your gates-that same man or woman-and you shall stone them to death with stones. 6 On the testimony of two witnesses, or of three witnesses, the one
who is to die shall be put to death; but on the testimony of one witness he shall not be put to death. 7 The hands of the witnesses shall be] the firs[t against him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So you must purge the evil from] your [mid]st ….
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Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God [any] bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, [or] any evil favouredness: for that [is] an abomination unto the LORD thy God.2 If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant3 And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;4 And it be told thee, and thou hast heard [of it], and inquired diligently, and, behold, [it be] true, [and] the thing certain, [that] such abomination is wrought in Israel:5 Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, [even] that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.6 At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; [but] at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.7 The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 8 “lf a matter for judgment will be too daunting for you, between blood and blood, between law and law, and between injury and injury, matters of disputes in your gates, then you shall get up and go up to the place that YHWH, your God, will choose. 9 And you shall come to the Levite priests and to the judge who will be in those days, and you shall inquire, and they will tell you the matter of judgment. 10 And you shall do according to the word on the matter that they will tell you from that place that YHWH will choose, and you shall be watchful to do according to everything that they will instruct you. 11 “You shall do it according to the word of the instruction that they will give you and
according to the judgment that they will say to you. You shall not turn from the thing that they will tell you, right or left. 12 And the man who will act presumptuously, not listening to the priest who is standing to serve YHWH, your God, there, or to the judge: that man shall die. So you shall burn away what is bad from Israel. 13 And all the people will listen and fear and won’t act presumptuously any more.
 
Dead Sea Scrolls [12 And as for the man who acts presumptuously by not listening to the priest who stands to minister there before the LORD your God, or to the judge, that same] ma[n shall die. You must purge the evil from Israel. 13 And all the people shall hear and be afraid, and no longer act presumptuously].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 8  If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, and between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, [being] matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;9 And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and inquire; and they shall show thee the sentence of judgment:10 And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD God of you shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:11 According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the mouth of judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: and thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, [to] the right hand, nor [to] the left.12 And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.13 And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 14 When you’ll come to the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you, and you’ll take possession of it and live in it, and you’ll say, ‘Let me set a king over me like all the nations that are around me,’ “you shall set a king over you whom YHWH, your God, will choose! You shall set a king from among your brothers over you. You may not put a foreign man, who is not your brother, over you. 16 Only he shall not get himself many horses, and he shall not bring the people back to Egypt in order to get many horses, when YHWH has said to you, ‘You shall not go back this way ever again.’  17 And he shall not get himself many wives, so his heart will not turn away. And he shall not get himself very much silver and gold. 18 And it will be, when he sits on his kingdom’s throne,
that he shall write himself a copy of this instruction on a scroll from in front of the Levite priests.
19 And it shall be with him, and he shall read it all the days of his life, so that he will learn to fear YHWH, his God, to observe all the words of this instruction and these laws, to do them, 20 so his heart will not be elevated above his brothers, and so he will not turn from the commandment, right or left, and so he will extend days over his kingdom, he and his sons, within Israel. 
Dead Sea Scrolls [14 When you come to the land which the LORD your God] is giving you and you possess [it and dwell in it, and say, “I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are ar]ound [me,” 15 you must] inde[ed m]ake [king] ov[er you the one whom the LORD your God chooses. You shall make] king [over you one from among your countrymen]-you may not put [over you a foreigner, who is] not
your countryman. [16 Even so], he shall [not] multiply [horses] for himself, [nor cause the people to return to Egypt, with the purpose of multiplying horses; for the LORD] has said to you, [“You shall] never again [return] that [way.” 17 Nor shall he multiply wives for himself] lest [his heart] tur[n away; nor shall he] g[rea]tly [mult]iply for himself [silver and gold] . 18 And when [he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself a cop]y of [this] law [in] a book, in the pre[sence of the Levitical priests. 19 And it shall remain with him and he shall read] it [al]l the days of his life, so that he
may l[earn to fear the LORD his God by ke]eping all the words of this [law] and [these statutes, and by carrying them out], 20 so that [his] he[art] may not be exalted [above his countrymen, and so that he may turn not aside from the commandment to the right hand or to the left. Then] he will prolong his days [in his kingdom, both he and his children, in the midst of Israel].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 14 When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that [are] about me;15 Thou shalt in any wise set [him] king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: [one] from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which [is] not thy brother.16 But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.17 Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.18 And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of [that which is] before the priests the Levites:19 And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:20 That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, [to] the right hand, or [to] the left: to the end that he may prolong [his] days over throne of his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 1 ”The Levite priests, all the tribe of Levi, shall not have a portion and   legacy with Israel. They shall eat YHWH’s offerings by fire and His legacy. 2 “But he shall not have a legacy among his brothers. YHWH: He is his legacy, as He spoke to him. 3 And this shall be the rule for the priests from the people, from those who make a sacrifice, whether an ox or a sheep: he shall give the shoulder, the cheeks, and the stomach. 4 you shall give him the first of your grain, your wine, and your oil, and the first shearing of your sheep. 5 Because YHWH, you’re God, has chosen him from all your tribes to stand to serve in YHWH’s name, he and his sons, for all time. 6 ”And when a Levite will come from one of your gates, from all of Israel, where he lives, then he shall come as much as his soul desires to the place that YHWH will choose 7 and serve in the name of YHWH, his God, like all of his Levite brothers who are standing there in front of YHWH. 8 They shall eat, portion for portion, aside from his sales of patrimony.  
Dead Sea Scrolls 1 The Levitical priests, indeed all the tribe of Levi], shall h[ave] no [portion or inheritance with Israel, but shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by] fire [that are his portion]…Ä  [6 And if a Levite moves from any of your towns anywhere in Israel], wh[ ere] he is living, [and comes with all the desire of his soul to the place which the LORD chooses, 7 then he shall minister] in the name of the LORD [his] Go[d, as do all his countrymen the Levites who stand there before the LORD]. 8 They shall [have equal portions to] eat, besides what comes of the sale [of his family estate].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 The priests the Levites, [and] all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.2 Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD [is] their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.3 And this shall be the priest’s due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether [it be] ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.4 The firstfruit [also] of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.5 For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister before the LORD God of you and to minister and to bless in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.6 And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose;7 Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites [do], which stand there before the LORD.8 They shall have like portions to eat, and beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 9 “When you come to the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you, you shall not learn to do like the offensive things of those nations.10  “There shall not be found among you someone who passes his son or his daughter through fire, one who practices enchantment, a soothsayer or a diviner or a sorcerer 11 or one who casts spells or who asks of a ghost or of a spirit of an acquaintance or inquires of the dead, 12 “because everyone who does these is an offensive thing of YHWH, and because of these offensive things YHWH, your God, is dispossessing them from in front of you. 13 You shall be unblemished with YHWH, your God, 14 because these nations whom you are dispossessing listen to soothsayers and enchanters, but you: YHWH, your God, has not permitted such for you.15 YHWH, your God, will raise up for you a prophet from among you, from your brothers, like me. You shall listen to him– 16 in accordance with everything that you asked from YHWH, your God, at Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let me not continue to hear the voice of YHWH, my God, and let me not see this big fire anymore, so I won’t die!’  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [9 When you come into the land which the LORD] your God is giving you, you sh[all not learn to imitate the abominations of those nations. 10 No one shall be found among you who makes] his son or [his daughter pass through] the fire, [one who practices] d[ivination or soothsaying, or interprets omens, or is a sorcerer, 11 or one who casts spells, or who consults ghosts or spirits, or who consults the dead].”
Samaritan Deuteronomy 9 When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.10  There shall not be found among you [any one] that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, [or] that useth divination, [or] an observer of times, an enchanter, a witch11 A charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, a wizard, or a necromancer.12 For all that do these things [are] an abomination unto the LORD God of you: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee.13 Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.14 For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so [to do].15 The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken;16 According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not.

Allah said in surah Al-Araf 157:

Those who follow the Messenger, the Prophet who can neither read nor write (i.e. Muhammad ) whom they find written with them in the Taurat (Torah), – he commands them for Al-Ma’ruf (all that is established as good by human nature); and forbids them from Al-Munkar (all that is established by human nature as bad); he allows them as lawful and all good, and prohibits them as unlawful evils,, he releases them from their heavy burdens, and from the fetters (bindings) that were upon them. So those who believe in him (Muhammad ), honour him, help him, and follow the light (the Qur’an) which has been sent down with him, it is they who will be successful.

 Jesus said in John 14:16

And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may be with you for ever,

 There were prophecies in circulation among Jewish settlers of Arabia on the appearance of Prophet in Bene Ishmael. In a recent book Seeing Islam as other saw it, it is elaborated as[1]:

The renowned second-century rabbi Simon ben Yohai is credited with a number of related apocalyptic works. The Tefillia (“Prayer”) pertains   to Crusader times in its present form, but draws indirectly upon the   Nisiarot (“Secrets”) and Midrash ‘aseret meliikhim (“Midrash of the  Ten Kings”), also ascribed to Rabbi Simon, which deal with the career  of Islam until the fall of the Umayyad dynasty and the rise of the  Abbasids respectively.” In their turn, these two, and the Secrets in particular, make use of an earlier apocalypse, seemingly contemporary with the Arab conquests.”
 At the opening of the scene we are introduced to Simon, who has been “hidden {for thirteen years} in a cave from the emperor, the king of Edom, {who had decreed destruction on Israel}.”He has been fasting and praying for a number of days, and he calls upon God to answer his prayer for enlightenment:
At once the secrets of the end and the mysteries were revealed to him, and he sat and began to expound: “And he saw the Kenite” (Numbers xxiv.21). Since he saw the kingdom of Ishmael that was coming, he began to say: “Was it not enough what the wicked kingdom of Edom has done to us, but [we deserve] the kingdom of Ishmael too?” At once Metatron, the foremost angel (sar ha-penfm), answered him and said: “Do not fear, son of man, for the Almighty only brings the kingdom of Ishmael in order to deliver you from this wicked one (Edom). He raises up over them (Ishmaelites) a prophet according to His will and He will conquer the land for them, and they will come and restore it to greatness, and a great dread will come between them and the sons of Esau.” Rabbi Simon answered him and said: “How [is it known] that they are our salvation?” He (Metatron) said to him: “Did not the prophet Isaiah say that ‘he saw a chariot with a pair of horsemen etc.’ ? Why did he put the chariot of asses before the chariot of camels when he should rather have said ‘a chariot of camels and [then] a chariot of asses,’ because when he (Ishmael, i.e. the Arabs) goes forth [to war], he rides upon on a camel, and when the kingdom will arise by his hands he rides upon an ass? [Given that he said the reverse of this]’ the chariot of asses, since he (the Messiah) rides upon an ass, shows that they (the Ishmaelites, represented by the chariot of camels) are a salvation for Israel, like the salvation of the rider on an ass (i.e. the Messiah).”
Another exegesis: Rabbi Simon used to say that he heard Rabbi Ishmael [say], when he had heard that the kingdom of Ishmael was approaching: “They will measure the land with ropes, as it is said, ‘And he shall divide the land for a price’ (Daniel xi.39). And they will make cemeteries into a pasturing place for flocks; and when one of them dies, they will bury him in whatever place they find and later plough the grave and sow thereon. Thus it is said: ‘The children of Israel shall eat their bread defiled (Ezekiel iv.13),’ because the unclean field should not be encroached upon.,, Again: “And he saw the Kenite:” and what parable did the wicked one (Balaam) take up, except that when he saw the sons of his (the Kenite’s) sons who were to arise and subject Israel, he began to rejoice and said: “Strong (etan) is your dwelling place. I see that the sons of man do not eat save according to the commandments of Etan the Ezrahite[2].
 Thus there was an expectation that the Prophet would soon appear among the Arabs.   It is stated in Quran surah 145-147  that

And even if you were to bring to the people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians) all the Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.), they would not follow your Qiblah (prayer direction), nor are you going to follow their Qiblah (prayer direction). And they will not follow each other’s Qiblah (prayer direction). Verily, if you follow their desires after that which you have received of knowledge (from Allah), then indeed you will be one of the  wrong-doers, etc.  Those to whom We gave the Scripture (Jews and Christians) recognise him (Muhammad  or the Ka’bah at Makkah) as they recongise their sons. But verily, a party of them conceal the truth while they know it .  (This is) the truth from your Lord. So be you not one of those who doubt.

Bukhari Volume 4, Book 55, Number 546 reported that

Narrated Anas:

When ‘Abdullah bin Salam heard the arrival of the Prophet at Medina, he came to him and said, “I am going to ask you about three things which nobody knows except a prophet:

 What is the first portent of the Hour?

 What will be the first meal taken by the people of Paradise?

 Why does a child resemble its father, and why does it resemble its maternal uncle”

 Allah’s Apostle said, “Gabriel has just now told me of their answers.” ‘Abdullah said, “He (i.e. Gabriel), from amongst all the angels, is the enemy of the Jews.”

 Allah’s Apostle said, “The first portent of the Hour will be a fire[3] that will bring together the people from the east to the west;

 The first meal of the people of Paradise will be Extra-lobe (caudate lobe) of fish-liver[4].

 As for the resemblance of the child to its parents: If a man has sexual intercourse with his wife and gets discharge first, the child will resemble the father, and if the woman gets discharge first, the child will resemble her.”

 On that ‘Abdullah bin Salam said, “I testify that you are the Apostle of Allah.” ‘Abdullah bin Salam further said, “O Allah’s Apostle! The Jews are liars, and if they should come to know about my conversion to Islam before you ask them (about me), they would tell a lie about me.” The Jews came to Allah’s Apostle and ‘Abdullah went inside the house. Allah’s Apostle asked (the Jews), “What kind of man is ‘Abdullah bin Salam amongst you?” They replied, “He is the most learned person amongst us, and the best amongst us, and the son of the best amongst us.” Allah’s Apostle said, “What do you think if he embraces Islam (will you do as he does)?” The Jews said, “May Allah save him from it.” Then ‘Abdullah bin Salam came out in front of them saying, “I testify that None has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah.” Thereupon they said, “He is the evilest among us, and the son of the evilest amongst us,” and continued talking badly of him.

Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 362, reported that

Narrated Ibn Umar:

Bani An-Nadir and Bani Quraiza fought (against the Prophet violating their peace treaty), so the Prophet exiled Bani An-Nadir and allowed Bani Quraiza to remain at their places (in Medina) taking nothing from them till they fought against the Prophet again). He then killed their men and distributed their women, children and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet and he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam. He exiled all the Jews from Medina. They were the Jews of Bani Qainuqa’, the tribe of ‘Abdullah bin Salam and the Jews of Bani Haritha and all the other Jews of Medina.

Bukhari reported Volume 9, Book 87, Number 142:

Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Salam:

(In a dream) I saw myself in a garden, and there was a pillar in the middle of the garden, and there was a handhold at the top of the pillar. I was asked to climb it. I said, “I cannot.” Then a servant came and lifted up my clothes and I climbed (the pillar), and then got hold of the handhold, and I woke up while still holding it. I narrated that to the Prophet who said, “The garden symbolizes the garden of Islam, and the handhold is the firm Islamic handhold which indicates that you will be adhering firmly to Islam until you die.”

Bukhari, Volume 5, Book 58, Number 157:

Narrated Sad bin Abi Waqqas:

I have never heard the Prophet saying about anybody walking on the earth that he is from the people of Paradise except ‘Abdullah bin Salam. The following Verse was revealed concerning him: “And a witness from the children of Israel testifies that this Qur’an is true” (46.10)

Masoretic Deuteronomy 17 ”And YHWH said to me, ‘They’ve been good in what they’ve spoken.  18  I’II raise up a prophet for them from among their brothers, like you, and I’ll put my words in his mouth, and hell speak to them everything that I’ll command him. 19 And it will be: the man who won’t listen to my words that hell speak in my name, I shall require it from him! 20 Just: the prophet who will presume to speak
a thing in my name that I didn’t command him to speak, and who will speak in the name of other gods that prophet shall die. 21 “And if you’ll say in your heart, How shall we know the thing, that YHWH
didn’t speak it?!’
22 when the prophet will speak in YHWH’s name, and the thing won’t be and won’t come to pass: that is the thing that YHWH did not say.  The prophet spoke it presumptuously. You shall not be fearful of him.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [17 Then the LORD replied to me, “They are right in what they have said. 18 I will raise for them a prophet like you from among their countrymen; I will put my words in] his mouth, and he will speak to them [all that I command him. 19 And whoever does not listen to my words which] he will speak in my name, I [will hold] that person [accountable. 20 But the prophet who presumes to speak in my name a word that] I have not commanded him to speak, [or who] speaks [in the name of other go]ds-[that prophet will die.” 21 You may say in your] he[art, “How shall we recognize the wo]rd which [the LORD has] not s[poken?” 22 When a prophet speaks in the name of the LORD, but the thing does not come
about or co]me [true], that is the mes[sage which the LORD has not spoken. The prophet has spoken it presumptuously; you shall not be afraid of him].
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 17 And the LORD said unto me, They have well [spoken that] which they have spoken.18 I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.19 And it shall come to pass, [that] whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require [it] of him.20 But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.21 And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?22 When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that [is] the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, [but] the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.

 


[1] Seeing Islam as others saw it by Robert g. hoyland, Darwin press 1997, pg 308-310

[2]  A footnote is added in Seeing Islam as other saw it: Simon ben Yohai, Secrets, 78-79; Etan the Ezrahite appears in the Bible as a sage of the East, but was commonly identified in rabbinic writings as Abraham.

[3] Fire probably a reference to war. In Talmud a Rabbinic tradition is quoted “If you see the kingdoms contending with each other, look for foot of Messiah” (Quoted from Everyman’s Talmud by Abraham Cohen, Jacob Neusser, Schoken Press, 1995 pg 350). In Islamic tradition also Messiah would appear in midst of war.

[4] In Rabbinic tradition in Talmud it is said “The Holy One blessed be He created one (leviathan a huge sea animal) … and preserved its flesh in brine for the righteous in Hereafter” (Quoted from Everyman’s Talmud by Abraham Cohen, Jacob Neusser, Schoken Press, 1995  pg 385)

Leviathan was a huge fish created by God. Abdullah bin Salam knows about this from Rabbanic Tradition and asked about this.

Masoretic Deuteronomy   1 ”When YHWH your God will cut off the nations whose lord YHWH.  Your God, is giving you, and you’ll dispossess them and live in their cities and in their houses,2 “you shall distinguish three cities within your land that YHWH, your God, is giving you to take possession of it. 3 you shall prepare the way and divide the border of your land that YHWH, your God, will give you as a legacy into three sections, and it will be for any murderer to flee there. 4 “And this is the case of the manslayer who will flee there and live: one who will strike his neighbor without knowing, when he did not hate him from the day before yesterday; 5and one who will come with his neighbor into the forest to cut down trees, and his hand will be moved with the axe to cut down the tree, and the axe head will come off the wood and find his neighbor, and he dies. He shall flee to one of these cities and live. 6 1n case an avenger of blood will pursue the manslayer when his heart will be hot and will catch up to him because the way will be long, and he’ll strike him mortally though he does not have a sentence of death, because he did not hate him from the day before yesterday, 7 on account of this I command you, saying, You shall distinguish three cities. 
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 When the LORD your God has destroyed the nations whose land the LORD your God is giving you, and you have driven them out and settled in their towns and in their houses, 2 you shall set apart three cities for yourself in the midst of your land, whic]h the L[oR]D [your] G[od is giving to you to possess. 3 You shall prepare the] way, and divide the bor[ders of your land which the
LORD] your [G]od [causes you to inherit] into three parts, so that [any manslayer] c[an flee there] ..
Ä 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;2  Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.3  Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.4 And this [is] the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;5 As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:6 Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he [was] not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.7 Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 8 And if YHWH, your  God, will widen your border as He swore to your fathers and will give you all the
land that He spoke to give to your fathers, 9 when you’ll observe all of this commandment to do it, that which I command you today, to love YHWH, your God, and to go in His ways every day, then you shall add three more cities to these three. 10 So innocent blood will not be spilled within your land that YHWH, your  God, is giving you as a legacy, and blood would be on you. 11 “But if there will be a man who hates his neighbor and will lie in wait for him and get up against him and strike him mortally, and he dies, and he will flee to one of these cities, 12 “then his city’s elders shall send and take him from there and put him in the hand of the avenger of blood, so he will die. 13 Your eye shall not pity him. And you shall burn away the innocent blood from Israel, and it will  be well with you.
  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [8 And] if [the LORD your God] enlar[ges your border, as he swore to your ancestors, and gives you] all the land which he prom[ised to give to your ancestors- 9 provided you keep this entire commandment by carrying it out, as I command] you today, by lov[ing the LORD your God and by walking always in his ways-then you can add thr]ee cities [more for yourself], in addition to [these] three. [10 Do this so that innocent blood might not be shed in the midst of your land which the LORD your God is giving to you for an inheritance, and so that] bloodguilt will [not] be on you. [11 But if anyone hates his neighbor and lies in wait for him, and rises up against him and strikes him so that he dies, and then flees to one] from112 these cities, [12 the elders of his city shall send and take him from there, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood so that he may die]. 13 Your eye [shall not pit]y him, bu[t you shall purge the guilt of innocent
blood from Israel, so that it may go well with you].
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy   8 And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;9  If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:10 That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee [for] an inheritance, and [so] blood be upon thee.11 But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:12 Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.13 Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away [the guilt of] innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 14 “You shall not move your neighbor’s landmark that the first ones set, in your legacy that you will have in the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you to take possession of it.  15 “One witness shall not get up against a man for any crime or for any sin, in any sin that one will commit. On the word of two witnesses or on the word of three witnesses a case shall stand up. 16 1f a malicious witness will get up against a man to testify a misrepresentation against him, 17 and the two people who have the dispute shall stand in front of YHWH, in front of the priests and the judges who will be in those days, 18  and the judges will inquire well, and, here, the witness is a lying witness, he testified a lie against his brother, 19 then you shall do to him as he schemed to do to his brother. So you shall burn away what is bad from among you. 20 And those who remain will listen and fear and won’t continue to do anything like this bad thing anymore among you. 21 And your eye shall not pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.  
Dead Sea Scrolls   [14 You shall not remove your neighbor’s boundary marker, which former generati]ons [have set], in your inheritance w[hich you will hold in the land that the LORD your God is giving to you to possess]. [15 A single witness shall not come forward against a person] with respect to
any iniquity or a[ny sin, in connection with any offense that he may have committed; a charge shall be sustained on the evidence of two witnesses, or on the evidence of three witnesses].
16 If [a malicious witness comes forward against anyone to accuse him of wrongdoing, 17 then both parties who have the dispute shall appear before the LORD, before the priests and the judg]es who [are in office at that time. 18 Then the judges are to conduct a thorough investigation; and] indeed, if [ the witness] proves to be a false witness [and has testified] falsely against [his] bro [ther, 19 then you shall do to him just as he had intended to do to] his [broth]er. So you must purge the evil from your midst. 20 Then the re[st will hear of this and be afraid,
and will never] again [com]mit such an evil [thing] in your mid [st. 21
Your eyes shall] show no (pity]: his life [for life, eye fo]r eye, tooth for tooth, [hand for hand], foot for foot.   
Samaritan Deuteronomy 14 Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour’s landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.15  One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.16 And if a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him [that which is] wrong;17  Then both the men, between whom the controversy [is], shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;18 And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, [if] the witness [be] a false witness, [and] hath testified falsely against his brother;19 Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.20 And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.21 Thine eye shall not pity; [but] life [shall go] for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Allah said in surah Al-Maidah 44-45

Verily, We did send down the Taurat (Torah), therein was guidance and light, by which the Prophets, who submitted themselves to Allah’s Will, judged the Jews. And the rabbis and the priests for to them was entrusted the protection of Allah’s Book, and they were witnesses thereto. Therefore fear not men but fear Me (O Jews) and sell not My Verses for a miserable price. And whosoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, such are the . disbelievers. And We ordained therein for them: “Life for life , eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal.” But if anyone remits the retaliation by way of charity, it shall be for him an expiation. And whosoever does not judge by that which Allah has revealed, such are the  wrong-doers.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy   1 ‘When you’ II go out to war against your enemies[1] and you ‘II see horses and chariots, a people more numerous than you, you shall not fear them, because YHWH, your God, is with you, who brought you up from the land of Egypt. 2 ‘And it will be, when you approach the war that the priest shall go over and speak to the people. 3 And he shall say to them, ‘Listen, Israel, you’re approaching war against your enemies today. Let your heart not be weak. Don’t be afraid and don’t panic and don’t be scared in front of them, 4  “because YHWH, your God, is the one going with you to fight for you with your enemies, to save you.’ 5 “And the officers shall speak to the people, saying, ‘Who is a man who has built a new house and has not dedicated it? Let him go, and let him go back to his house, in case he would die in the war and another man would dedicate it.  6 And who is a man who has planted a vineyard and has not desanctified it? Let
him go, and let him go back to his house, in case he would die in the war and another man would desanctify it.
 
Dead Sea Scrolls  1 When you go out to w]ar against [your] e[nemies, and you see horses and] chariots and a people [more] numerous [than you, you shall not be afraid of them-for the LORD your God, who brought you up from the lan]d of Egypt, is with you. 2 And [when you draw near to battle, the priest shall approach and speak to the people, 3 and say t]o [them], “Hear, [0 Israel, you are drawing near today to make war against your enemies. Do not lose heart or be afraid or
panic or be in dread of them, 4 for it is the LORD your God who goes with you, to fig]ht for you against [your] enemie[s, to give you victory].” [5 Then the officers shall speak to the people, sayi]ng, “Has anyone [built a new house and not yet dedicated it? Let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the bat]tle and someone else [dedicates it. 6 And has anyone] plan[ted a
vineyard and not yet used its fruit? Let him go and retur]n to [his] ho[use, lest he die in the battle and someone else use its fruit.
  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God [is] with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.2  And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people3 And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;4 For the LORD your God [is] he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, and to save you.5 And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man [is there] that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.6 And what man [is he] that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not [yet] eaten of it? let him [also] go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.

Allah informed in surah al-Baqarah  247 – 251

And their Prophet (Samuel) said to them, “Indeed Allah has appointed Talut (Saul) as a king over you.” They said, “How can he be a king over us when we are better fitted than him for the kingdom, and he has not been given enough wealth.” He said: “Verily, Allah has chosen him above you and has increased him abundantly in knowledge and stature. And Allah grants His Kingdom to whom He wills. And Allah is All-Sufficient for His creatures’ needs, All-Knower.”  And their Prophet (Samuel) said to them: Verily! The sign of His Kingdom is that there shall come to you At-Tabut (Ark of Covenant), wherein is Sakinah (peace and reassurance) from your Lord and a remnant of that which Musa (Moses) and Harun (Aaron) left behind, carried by the angels. Verily, in this is a sign for you if you are indeed believers.  Then when Talut (Saul) set out with the army, he said: “Verily! Allah will try you by a river. So whoever drinks thereof, he is not of me, and whoever tastes it not, he is of me, except him who takes (thereof) in the hollow of his hand.” Yet, they drank thereof, all, except a few of them. So when he had crossed it (the river), he and those who believed with him, they said: “We have no power this day against Jalut (Goliath) and his hosts.” But those who knew with certainty that they were to meet their Lord, said: “How often a small group overcame a mighty host by Allah’s Leave?” And Allah is with the patient ones.  And when they advanced to meet Jalut (Goliath) and his forces, they invoked: “Our Lord! Pour forth on us patience and make us victorious over the disbelieving people.”  So they routed them by Allah’s Leave and Dawud (David) killed Jalut (Goliath), and Allah gave him [Dawud (David)] the kingdom and  Wisdom, and taught him of that which He willed. And if Allah did not check one set of people by means of another, the earth would indeed be full of mischief. But Allah is full of Bounty to the worlds.

It is reported in Sahih Muslim

It has been narrated by Abu Hurrairah that Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said:
One of the Prophets made a holy war. He said to his followers: One who has married a woman and wants to consummate to his marriage but has not yet done so; another who has built a house but has not yet erected its roof; and another who has bought goats and pregnant-camel and is waiting for their  offspring will not accompany me.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  7 And who is a man who has betrothed a woman and has not taken her? Let him go, and let him go back to his house, in case he would die in the war and another man would take her.8 And the officers shall continue to speak to the people and shall say, ‘Who is a man who is afraid and weak hearted? Let him go, and go back to his house, so he won’t melt his brothers’ heart like his heart.9 And it will be, when the officers finish speaking to the people, that they shall appoint officers of the armies at the head of the people.  
Dead Sea Scrolls 7 And is anyone] en [gaged to a wom]an, and [has] not [yet married her? Let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle and someone else marries her.” 8 And] the judgesl16 [shall] speak [further] to the p[eople and say, “Is anyone fearful and faint-hearted? Let
him go and return to his house, lest] his neighbor’s heart [melts] like his own heart.”
9 And [when the officers have finished speaking to the people they shall appoint arm]y [commanders] at [the he]ad of the people.
Samaritan Deuteronomy 7 And what man [is there] that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.8 And  the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man [is there that is] fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren’s heart faint as well as his heart.9 And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people, that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 10 “When you’ll approach a city to fight against it, then you shall call to it for peace. And it will be, if it will answer you with peace and open up to you, then it will be that all the people who are found in it shall become yours for a work-company and shall serve you. 12 And if it will not make peace with you, but it will make war with you, then you shall besiege it. 13 And YHWH, your God, will put it in your hand, and you shall strike all its males by the sword. 14 0nly, you shall take as spoil the women and the infants and the animals and everything that will be in the city, all its spoil, and you shall eat your enemies’ spoil that YHWH, your God, has given you. 15 That is what you shall do to all the cities that are very distant from you, those that are not from these nations’ cities. 16 0nly from these peoples’ cities that YHWH, your God, is giving you as a legacy shall you not let any soul live. 17 But you shall completely destroy them-the Hittite and the Amorite, the Canaanite and the Perizzite, the Hivite and the Jebusite- as YHWH, your God, has commanded you, 18so they won’t teach you to do things like all their offensive things that they did for their gods, and you’ll sin to YHWH, your God.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  10 When you approach [a city] to [fight] against it, offer terms of peace [to it]. 11 And if it accepts your terms of peace [and ope]ns its gates to you, then all the people who are foun[ d in it shall become] forced labor for you and shall serve you. 12 But if the city will not make peace wit[h you], but makes [war against you, then you shall besiege it; 13 and when] the LORD your Go[d] delivers it [into your hand], you shall kill e[very male from there with the] e[dge of the sword. 14 But] you shall take as plunder f[ or yourself the women, the children, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, all] its [sp]oil; [and you shall eat the spoil of your enemies which the LORD your God gives you. 15 This is what you are to do] to all [the cities which are very far off from you, which are not the cities of the nations nearby]. [16 But of the cities of these nations that the LORD your God is giving to yo]u as an in[heritance you shall leave alive nothing that breathes. 17 For you shall utterly destroy them-the Hittites and the Amorites, the Canaanites and the] Perizzites, and the Hi [vites, and the Jebusites-just as the LORD your God has
commanded you,
18 so that they may not teach you both to practice] all [their] abominati[ ons which they do for their gods and to sin against the LORD your God. 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 10 When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.11 And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, [that] all the people [that is] found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.12 And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:13 And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:14 But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, [even] all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.15 Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities [which are] very far off from thee, which [are] not of the cities of these nations.16 But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee [for] an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:17 But thou shalt utterly destroy them; [namely], the Canaanites, and the Amorites, and the Hittites, and the Gergashites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:18 That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.

 

The verses related to Eating of spoils is an addition. According to Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him it was forbidden on previous nations to eat from spoils of war (Sahih Muslim) Further the rampant killings based on nationalities could not taken seriously as Ezra and Nehemiah both were highly biased people and involvement of these nations in marriage bond with Jews of Second Temple period as discussed in Ezra chapter 9 indicate that some thing went wrong in history and that needs correction, so the verses are added that these nations should haven been extinct long ago.

Surah al-Anfaal 1:

They ask you (O Muhammad ) about the spoils of war. Say: “The spoils are for Allah and the Messenger.” So fear Allah and adjust all matters of difference among you, and obey Allah and His Messenger (Muhammad ), if you are believers.

It is instructed that

10 “When you’ll approach a city to fight against it, then you shall call to it for peace. “And it will be, if it will answer you with peace and open up to you, then it will be that all the people who are found in it shall become yours for a work-company and shall serve you. 12 And if it will not make peace with you, but it will make war with you, then you shall besiege it. 13 And YHWH, your God, will put it in your hand, and you shall strike all its males by the sword. 14 0nly, you shall take as spoil the women and the infants and the animals and everything that will be in the city, all its spoil, and you shall eat your enemies’ spoil that YHWH, your God, has given you.

In year 627 AD,  the pagans of Arabia besieged the city of Medinah. Prophet ordered the digging in of trench surrounding city and fortunately pagans were forced to flee as their supplies were over and Allah sent a severe desert storm on them.  This war is known as t he Battle of the Trench. The Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza secretly played with pagans and found guilty of treason. Muslims besieged  the settlement and they finally agreed on the verdict of Saad bin Mu’ad, a former ally of Jews[2].

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri:

The people of (Banu) Quraiza agreed to accept the verdict of Saad bin Mu’adh. So the Prophet sent for Saad, and the latter came (riding) a donkey and when he approached the Mosque, the Prophet said to the Ansar, “Get up for your chief or for the best among you.” Then the Prophet said (to Saad).” These (i.e. Banu Quraiza) have agreed to accept your verdict.” Saad said, “Kill their (men) warriors and take their offspring as captives, “On that the Prophet said, “You have judged according to Allah’s Judgment,” or said, “according to the King’s judgment.”[3]

Volume 5, Book 59, Number 448:

Narrated ‘Aisha:

Saad was wounded on the day of Khandaq (i.e. Trench) when a man from Quraish, called Hibban bin Al-‘Araqa hit him (with an arrow). The man was Hibban bin Qais from (the tribe of) Bani Mais bin ‘Amir bin Lu’ai who shot an arrow at Saad’s medial arm vein (or main artery of the arm). The Prophet pitched a tent (for Saad) in the Mosque so that he might be near to the Prophet to visit. When the Prophet returned from the (battle) of Al-Khandaq (i.e. Trench) and laid down his arms and took a bath Gabriel came to him while he (i.e. Gabriel) was shaking the dust off his head, and said, “You have laid down the arms?” By Allah, I have not laid them down. Go out to them (to attack them).” The Prophet said, “Where?” Gabriel pointed towards Bani Quraiza. So Allah’s Apostle went to them (i.e. Banu Quraiza) (i.e. besieged them). They then surrendered to the Prophet’s judgment but he directed them to Sad to give his verdict concerning them. Saad said, “I give my judgment that their warriors should be killed, their women and children should be taken as captives, and their properties distributed.”

Narrated Hisham: My father informed me that ‘Aisha said, “Saad said, “O Allah! You know that there is nothing more beloved to me than to fight in Your Cause against those who disbelieved Your Apostle and turned him out (of Mecca). O Allah! I think you have put to an end the fight between us and them (i.e. Quraish infidels). And if there still remains any fight with the Quraish (infidels), then keep me alive till I fight against them for Your Sake. But if you have brought the war to an end, then let this wound burst and cause my death thereby.’ So blood gushed from the wound. There was a tent in the Mosque belonging to Banu Ghifar who were surprised by the blood flowing towards them . They said, ‘O people of the tent! What is this thing which is coming to us from your side?’ Behold! Blood was flowing profusely out of Sad’s wound. Sad then died because of that.”

 

Later it is revealed in Surah Al Maidah 33

The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified or their hands and their feet be cut off on the opposite sides, or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafter.

 

Saad could have ordered the expulsion of Banu Quraizah as Prophet did before with another Jewish tribe of Banu Qaynuqa. But the crime of Treason committed by Banu Quraizah was much severe than the crime of Banu Qaynuqa[4].

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  19 “When you’ll besiege a city many days, fighting against it to capture it, you shall not destroy a tree of it, moving an axe at it, because you’ll eat from it, so you shall not cut it down; because is a tree of the field a human, to go from in  front of you in a siege?! 20 Only a tree that you’ll know that it isn’t a tree for eating: that one you may destroy and cut down so you may build a siege-work against the city that is making war with you until its fall.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  19 When you besiege] a city for a [long] tim[e, making war against it in order to take it, you shall not destroy its trees by wielding an ax against them; for you may] eat [from them], but [you shall not cut them down. For are the trees of the field people, that they should be besieged by you? 20 However, you may destroy and cut down trees that you know do not produce fruit, and use them for building siegeworks against the town that is making war with you, until it falls].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 19 When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field [is] man’s [life]) to employ [them] in the siege.  20 Only the trees which thou knowest that they [be] not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.

 

 

It is ordered that:

 

“When you’ll besiege a city many days, fighting against it to capture it, you shall not destroy a tree of it, moving an axe at it, because you’ll eat from it, so you shall not cut it down; because is a tree of the field a human, to go from in  front of you in a siege?!

 

When Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him migrated to Medinah, he asked the Jewish tribes there to accept Islam. However the Jewish leadership declared him a false prophet and made an agreement with him that in case of attack on Medinah from any side. The people of Medinah would defend it irrespective of religious affiliations. However that treaty failed to fully materialize as they secretly passed on the messages to pagans and hypocrites of Medinah.

 

In year 625 AD, Arab tribes attacked on Medinah. The Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir helped secretly the pagans against Muslims. The pagans were defeated in this battle and Muslims surrounded the settlement. There were trees surrounding the Jewish villas and hideouts. Contrary to Torah’s order, Prophet ordered that the trees be cut down.  Prophet asked Banu Nadir to surrender and leave Medinah. While they were leaving Allah revealed that cutting of Trees was an order given by Him.

 

Allah said in surah Al-Hasr 5:

 

What you (O Muslims) cut down of the palm-trees (of the enemy), or you left them standing on their stems, it was by Leave of Allah, and in order that He might disgrace the Fasiqun (rebellious, disobedient to Allah).

 

 


[1] Friedman added that The laws of war in Deuteronomy 20 and 21 appear to be directed to the entire people who have been mustered for military service, not to a professional army. Professional  armies are claimed for biblical Israel only in the era of the monarchy. These laws therefore (1) do not appear to derive from the court and (2) appear to derive from the period before the monarchy. Thus, even if we trace the Deuteronomistic history to the period of Josiah  (and a second edition in the Babylonian exile), portions of these laws in Dtn may come  from much earlier sources. (See Who Wrote the Bible? pp. 119-122.)

 

[2] Saad ibn Mu’ad was a chief of the Banu Aus tribe in Medina, one of the non Jewish clans  settled in Medina.

[3] Sahih Bukhari, Volume 5, Book 59, Number 447

[4] In year 624 AD, Banu Qaynuqa exhibited rowdiness by making a chaste woman naked in market place and killing  a Muslim.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy    1 If a corpse will be found In the land that YHWH, your God, Is giving you to take possession of it, fallen in the field, unknown who struck him, 2 “then your elders and your judges shall go out and measure to the cities that are around the corpse. 3 And it will be, the closest city to the corpse: that city’s elders shall take a heifer that has not been worked with, that has not pulled in a yoke. 4 And that city’s elders shall take the heifer down to a strongly flowing wadi that would not be worked with and would not be seeded, and they shall break the heifer’s neck there in the wadi. 5 And the priests, sons of Levi, shall  go over, because YHWH, your God, chose them to serve Him and to bless in YHWH’s name, and every dispute and every injury shall be by their word. 6 And all of that city’s elders, who are close to the corpse, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the wadi. 7 And they shall testify, and they shall say, ‘Our hands did not spill this blood, and our eyes did not see it. 8 Grant atonement for your people Israel, whom you redeemed, YHWH, and don’t impute innocent blood among your people Israel.’ And for them the blood will be atoned for. 9 So you shall burn away the innocent blood from among you when you will do what is right in YHWH’s eyes.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  4… and the elder[s] of th[at)  c[ity] shall bring the heifer down [to] a valley [with running water, which has been neither plowed] no[r] sown, and they shall break [the he]ifer’s neck there in [the valley. 5 Then] t[he priests, the sons of Levi, shall com]e near; [for] the LORD [your] Go[d has ch]osen [them] to minister to him a[nd to pronounce bless lings in the name [of the LORD, and in accord]ance [with their word shall all cases of dispute and ass]ault [be settled]. 6 And all the eld[ers of tha]t [city] who are nearest to the slain man [shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley, 7 and they shall answer and say], “Our [han]ds have not shed [this] b[lood, neither have our eyes seen it]. 8  a LORD, [forgive yo]ur [people] Israel, [wh]om you have r[ede]emed, and do not allow [innocent] blood [to remain in the midst of your people Israel.” And] the bloodguilt [shall be forgi]ven them. 9 So you shall purge the blood of the
[inno]cent fr[om your midst, when you do what is right in the sight of the LORD].
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 If [one] be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, [and] it be not known who hath slain him:2 Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which [are] round about him that is slain:3 And it shall be, [that] the city [which is] next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, [and] which hath not drawn in the yoke;4 And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer’s neck there in the valley:5 And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be [tried]:6 And all the elders of that city, [that are] next unto the slain [man], shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:7 And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen [it].8 Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel’s charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.9  So shalt thou put away the [guilt of] innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do [that which is] right in the sight of the LORD.

Bukhari reported that Volume 9, Book 83, Number 20:  Narrated Ibn ‘Abbas:

For the children of Israel the punishment for crime was Al-Qisas only (i.e., the law of equality in punishment) and the payment of Blood money was not permitted as an alternate. But Allah said to this nation (Muslims): ‘O you who believe! Qisas is prescribed for you in case of murder, …..(up to) …end of the Verse. (2.178)  Ibn ‘Abbas added: Remission (forgiveness) in this Verse, means to accept the Blood-money in an intentional murder. Ibn ‘Abbas added: The Verse: ‘Then the relatives should demand Blood-money in a reasonable manner.’ (2.178) means that the demand should be reasonable and it is to be compensated with handsome gratitude

Masoretic Deuteronomy 10 “When you’ll go out to war against your enemies, and YHWH, your God, will put him in your hand, and you’ll take prisoners from him, 11 and you’ll see among the prisoners a woman with a beautiful figure, and you’ll be attracted to her and take her for yourself as a wife, 12 then you shall bring her into your house, and she shall shave her head and do her nails 13 and  take away her prisoner’s garment from on her. And she shall live in your house and shall mourn her father and her mother a month of days. And after that you may come to her and marry her, and she shall become your wife. 14 And it will be, if you don’t desire her then you shall let her go on her own, and you shall not sell her for money. You shall not get profit through her, because you degraded her.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  10 When you go out to w[ar against your enemies, and the LORD your God delivers them into your hands and you carry them away captive, 11 if you see among the] captives [a beautiful] wom[ an, and have a desire for her and wish to take her as a wife for yourself, 12 you shall bring her home to your house. Then she shall] shave [her head, trim her nails, 13 discard her captive’s garb, and live in your house a full month, mourning for her father and mother. Then you may go
in to her and be her husband, and she shall be your wife] .
Ä  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 10 When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive11  And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;12 Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;13 And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.14 And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.

Safiya was the daughter of Jewish leader Hai bin Al-Akhtab.  Narrated Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 522:

Narrated Anas bin Malik:

We arrived at Khaibar, and when Allah helped His Apostle to open the fort, the beauty of Safiya bint Huyai bin Akhtaq whose husband had been killed while she was a bride, was mentioned to Allah’s Apostle. The Prophet selected her for himself, and set out with her, and when we reached a place called Sidd-as-Sahba,’ Safiya became clean from her menses then Allah’s Apostle married her. Hais (i.e. an ‘Arabian dish) was prepared on a small leather mat. Then the Prophet said to me, “I invite the people around you.” So that was the marriage banquet of the Prophet and Safiya. Then we proceeded towards Medina, and I saw the Prophet, making for her a kind of cushion with his cloak behind him (on his camel). He then sat beside his camel and put his knee for Safiya to put her foot on, in order to ride (on the camel).

 

Also reported in Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 524:

Narrated Anas:

The Prophet stayed for three rights between Khaibar and Medina and was married to Safiya. I invited the Muslim to his marriage banquet and there was neither meat nor bread in that banquet but the Prophet ordered Bilal to spread the leather mats on which dates, dried yogurt and butter were put. The Muslims said amongst themselves, “Will she (i.e. Safiya) be one of the mothers of the believers, (i.e. one of the wives of the Prophet ) or just (a lady captive) of what his right-hand possesses” Some of them said, “If the Prophet makes her observe the veil, then she will be one of the mothers of the believers (i.e. one of the Prophet’s wives), and if he does not make her observe the veil, then she will be his lady slave.” So when he departed, he made a place for her behind him (on his and made her observe the veil.

Masoretic Deuteronomy 15 “When a man will have two wives, one loved and one hated, and they’ll give birth to children for him, the loved and the hated, and the hated will have the firstborn son, 16 then it will be, on the day that he gives what he has as a legacy to his children, he shall not be able to give a son of the loved one the birthright before the firstborn son of the hated one. 17 But he shall recognize the firstborn son of the hated one, to give him a double portion of all that he has, because he is the beginning of his might. The legal due of the firstborn is his. 18 “When a man will have a stubborn and rebellious son, not listening to his father’s voice and his mother’s voice, and they will discipline him, but he will not listen to them, 19 then his father and his mother shall take hold of him and bring him out to his city’s elders and to the gate of his place. 20 And they shall say to his city’s elders, ‘This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious, he doesn’t listen to our voice, a glutton, and a drunk.21 And all his city’s people shall batter him with stones so he dies. So you shall burn away what is bad from among you. And all Israel will listen and fear. 22 ‘And if there will be a sin bringing a sentence of death on a man, and he will be put to death, and you will hang him on a tree, 23 You shall not leave his corpse on the tree, but you shall bury him on that day, because a hanged person is an offense to God, and you shall not make impure your land that YHWH, your God, is giving you as a legacy.   
Dead Sea Scrolls  [15 If a man has two wives, one of them loved and the other unloved, and if both the loved one and the one he does not love bear him sons, the firstborn being the son of the unloved wife, 16 then on the day when] he wills [his property to his sons, he cannot make the son of the beloved wife the firstborn in preference to the unloved wife’s son, who is the actual firstborn] . Ä [22 When someone is convicted of a capital offense and is executed, and you hang him on a tree, 23 his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall indeed bury him that same day. For anyone who is hanged is under God’s curse; you must not defile your land which the LORD yo]ur [God] is giving [to] you [as an inheritance].   
Samaritan Deuteronomy 15 If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, [both] the beloved and the hated; and [if] the firstborn son be hers that was hated:16 Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit [that] which he hath, [that] he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, [which is indeed] the firstborn:17 But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated [for] the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he [is] the beginning of his strength; and the right of the firstborn [is] his.18 If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and [that], when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:19 Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;20 And they shall say unto the mortals of his city, This our son [is] stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; [he is] a glutton, and a drunkard.21 And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.22 And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:23 His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged [is] accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee [for] an inheritance.

 

The firstborn has higher right than others. In this perspective the glorification of  Prophet Isaac son of Abraham is done only to highlight the Bene- Israel over Bene-Ishmael.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  1 You shall not see your brother’s ox or his sheep driven off, and you hide yourself from them. You shall bring them back to your brother. 2 And if your brother is not close to you, and you don’t know him, then you shall gather it into your house, and it shall be with you until your brother inquires about it, and you shall give it back to him. 3 And you shall do that with his ass, and you shall do that with his garment, and you shall do that with any lost thing of your brother’s that will be lost by him and you find it. You may not hide yourself. 4 you shall not see your brother’s ass or his ox falling in the road, and you hide yourself from them. You shall lift it up with him. 5 There shall not be a man’s item on a woman, and a man shall not wear a woman’s garment, because everyone who does these is an offensive thing of  YHWH, your God.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 You shall not watch your neighbor’s ox or his sheep straying off and ignore them]; you shall certainly take them back [to your neighbor. 2 And if your neighbor is not near you, or if you do not know him, then you shall bring it home to your house and it shall rem]ain [with you until your neighbor looks for it; then you shall return it to him. 3 And you shall d]o [the same with his donkey],
you shall do the same [with hils [garment, and you shall do the same with every lost item of your neighbor’s, which he loses] and you find-you m[a]y not ignore it. [4 You shall not see your neighbor’s donkey or] his [ox] fallen down on the road, and ignore th[em]; you shall certainly help [him] lift [them up]. 5 A woman sh[all] not wear [a man’s clothing], nor shall a man pu[t on] a woman’s garment;  for whoever does [these things is] an abomination to the LORD your God.
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 Thou shalt not see thy brother’s ox or his sheep or any animal of his go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother.2 And if thy brother [be] not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it from you, and thou shalt restore it to him again.3 In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother’s, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself.4 Thou shalt not see thy brother’s ass or his ox or any animal of him fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift [them] up again.5 The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman’s garment: for all that do so [are] abomination unto the LORD thy God.
Masoretic Deuteronomy 6 When a bird’s nest will happen to be in front of you on the road in any tree or on the ground-chicks or eggs-and the mother is sitting over the chicks or over the eggs, you shall not take the mother along with the children. 7 you shall let the mother go, and you may take the children for you, so that it will be good for you, and you will extend days. 8 “When you’ll build a new house, you shall make a railing for your roof, so you won’t set blood in your house when someone will fall from it. 9 “you shall not seed your vineyard with two kinds, or else the whole of the seed that you’ll sow and the vineyard’s produce will become holy. 10 You shall not plow with an ox and an ass together. 11 “you shall not wear sha’atnez: wool and linen together. 12 “you shall make braided threads on the four corners of your apparel with which you cover yourself.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [6 If] a bird’s nest [happens to be] before you on the road, whether in any tree or on [the ground, with fledglings or] eggs, and the mother is sittin[g o]n the fledglings or [on the eggs], you shall not take the mother [wi]th [the fledglings. 7 You shall certainly let the mother go, but you may take the fledglings for] your-self, [so that it may go well with you and you may prolong your days]. [8 When you build a new house, then you shall make a parapet around your roof, so that] you may [not] bring [bloodguilt on your house if anyone falls from it] . [9 You shall not sow your vineyard with two kinds of seed, or the wh]ol[e yield will have to be forfeited, both the seed which you have sown and the yield of the vineyard] .. Ä [12 You shall make yourself tassels on the four corners of your cloak] with [which you] cover [yourself].  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 6 If a bird’s nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, [whether they be] young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young:7 [But] thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and [that] thou mayest prolong [thy] days.8 When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.9 Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled.10 Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.11 Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, [as] of woollen and linen together.12 Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest [thyself].

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 13 “When a man will take a wife and come to her and then hate her, 14 and he’ll assert words of abuse toward her and bring out a bad name on her and say, ‘l took this woman, and / came close to her, and / didn’t find signs of virginity for her,’ 15 then the young woman’s father and her mother shall take and bring out the signs of the young woman’s virginity to the city’s elders at the gate.  16 ”And the young woman’s father shall say to the elders, ‘I gave my daughter to this man for a wife, and he hated her. 17 And, here, he has asserted words of abuse, saying: “l didn’t find signs of virginity for your daughter.” But these are the signs of my daughter’s virginity!’ And they shall spread out the garment in front of the city’s elders. 18 ”And that city’s elders shall take the man and discipline him.19 And they shall fine him a hundred weights of silver and give it to the young woman’s father because he brought out a bad name on a virgin of Israel. And she shall be his for a wife: he shall not be able to let her go, all his days.
Dead Sea Scrolls   [13 If any man takes a wife and goes in to her, and then spurns her, 14 and  charges sha]meful things [against he]r and gi[ves her a bad name, saying], “I married [th]is [woman), but when I lay with [her I found no evidence of h]er virgi[nity,” 15 then the] girl’s [father] and mother [shall bring] a[nd submit the evidence of the girl’s virginity] to the elder[s of the city at the gate. 16 Then the
girl’s father shall say to the elders, “I gave my daughter] to [this man as] a wife, [but he spurns her, 17 and now he has charged her with shameful things], saying, ‘[I found no evidence of] your daughter’s [virginity.’ But here is the proof of my daughter’s virginity.” Then they shall spread out the cloth] before the elder[s of the ci]ty. 18 And [the elders of that city] shall take [the man and punish him. 19 They shall fine him a hundred shekels of si]lver [and give these to the father of
the girl, because he has given a bad name to a virgin of Israel. She shall remain his wife; he may not divorce her as long as he lives].
Ä  
Samaritan Deuteronomy  13 If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her14 And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid:15 Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth [the tokens of] the damsel’s virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate:16 And the damsel’s father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her;17  And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these [are the tokens of] my daughter’s virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.18 And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him;19 And they shall amerce him in an hundred [shekels] of silver, and give [them] unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 20 “But if this thing was true -signs of virginity for the young woman were not found 21 then they shall take the young woman out to the entrance of her father’s house, and the people of her city shall stone her with stones so she dies, because she did a foolhardy thing in Israel, to whore at her father’s house.
So you shall burn away what is bad from among you.  
22 “If a man will be found lying with a woman who is a husband’s wife, then the two of them shall die: the man who lay with the woman, and the woman. So
you shall burn away what is bad from Israel
.  23 “If it will be that a virgin young woman will be betrothed to a man, and a  man will find her in the city and lie with her, 24 then you shall take the two of them to that city’s gate and stone them with stones so they die: the young woman on account of the fact that she did not cry out in the city, and the man on  account of the fact that he degraded his neighbor’s wife. So you shall burn away
what is bad from among you
. 25 But if the man will find the betrothed young  woman in the field, and the man will take hold of her and lie with her, then only  the man who lay with her shall die, 26  “but you shall not do a thing to the young  woman. The young woman does not have a sin deserving death, because, just as a man would get up against his neighbor and murder him: this case is like that; 27  because he found her in the field, the betrothed young woman cried out,  and there was no one to save her.  28 “If a man will find a virgin young woman who is not betrothed, and he’ll grasp her and lie with her, and they’ll be found, 29then the man who lay with  her shall give the young woman’s father fifty weights of silver, and she shall be his for a wife. Because he degraded her, he shall not be able to let her go, all his days.   
Dead Sea Scrolls  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 20 But if this thing be true, [and the tokens of] virginity be not found for the damsel.21  Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father’s house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father’s house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you. 22 If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, [both] the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel. 23               If a damsel [that is] a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;  24 Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, [being] in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour’s wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you. 25 But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die.  26 But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; [there is] in the damsel no sin [worthy] of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so [is] this matter. 27 For he found her in the field, [and] the betrothed damsel cried, and [there was] none to save her. 28 If a man find a damsel [that is] a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found. 29 Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel’s father fifty [shekels] of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.

Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Umar:

The Jews brought to the Prophet a man and a woman from among them who had committed illegal sexual intercourse. The Prophet said to them, “How do you usually punish the one amongst you who has committed illegal sexual intercourse?” They replied, “We blacken their faces with coal and beat them,” He said, “Don’t you find the order of Ar-Rajm (i.e. stoning to death) in the Torah?” They replied, “We do not find anything in it.” ‘Abdullah bin Salam (after hearing this conversation) said to them. “You have told a lie! Bring here the Torah and recite it if you are truthful.” (So the Jews brought the Torah). And the religious teacher who was teaching it to them, put his hand over the Verse of Ar-Rajm and started reading what was written above and below the place hidden with his hand, but he did not read the Verse of Ar-Rajm. ‘Abdullah bin Salam removed his (i.e. the teacher’s) hand from the Verse of Ar-Rajm and said, “What is this?” So when the Jews saw that Verse, they said, “This is the Verse of Ar-Rajm.” So the Prophet ordered the two adulterers to be stoned to death, and they were stoned to death near the place where biers used to be placed near the Mosque. I saw her companion (i.e. the adulterer) bowing over her so as to protect her from the stones[1].

 

Narrated Ibn ‘Umar:

A Jew and Jewess were brought to the Prophet on a charge of committing an illegal sexual intercourse. The Prophet asked the Jews, “What do you (usually) do with them?” They said, “We blacken their faces and disgrace them.” He said, “Bring here the Torah and recite it, if you are truthful.” They (fetched it and) came and asked a one-eyed man to recite. He went on reciting till he reached a portion on which he put his hand. The Prophet said, “Lift up your hand!” He lifted his hand up and behold, there appeared the verse of Ar-Rajm (stoning of the adulterers to death). Then he said, “O Muhammad! They should be stoned to death but we conceal this Divine Law among ourselves.” Then the Prophet ordered that the two sinners be stoned to death and, and they were stoned to death, and I saw the man protecting the woman from the stones[2]. (See Hadith No. 809, Vol. 8)

 

 


[1] Sahih Bukhari, Volume 6, Book 60, Number 79

[2] Sahih Bukhari , Volume 9, Book 93, Number 633:

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy  1 man shall not take his father’s wife, so he will not expose his father’s hem. 2 One who is wounded by crushing or whose organ is cut off shall not come into YHWH’s community. 3 A bastard shall not come into YHWH’s community; even in the tenth generation one shall not come into YHWH’s community. 4 An Ammonite and a Moabite shall not come into YHWH’s community; even in the tenth generation they shall not come into YHWH’s community, forever,  Son account of the fact that they did not meet you with bread and with water on  the way when you came out from Egypt, and the fact that it hired Balaam son of Beor from Pethor of Aram Naharaim against you to curse you. 6 But YHWH, your God, was not willing to listen to Balaam, and YHWH, your God, turned the curse into a blessing for you because YHWH, your God, loved you. 7 you shall not seek their well-being or their good, all your days, forever. 8 you shall not abhor an Edomite, because he is your brother. You shall not abhor an Egyptian, because you were an alien in his land. 9 Third-qeneration children who will be born to them may come into YHWH’s community.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [5 Yet the LORD your God would not listen to Balaam, but the LORD your God turned] the curse into a blessing [for you] becaus[ e the LORD your God loved you. 6 You shall not promote their welfare n]or their prosperity [as long as you live].  [7 You shall not despise an Edomite, since he is your countryman; you shall] not [despise an Egyptian, since you were a foreigner residing in his land]… Ä
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 A man shall not take his father’s wife, nor discover his father’s skirt.2 He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.3 A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD.4 An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever:5 Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee.6 Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee.7 Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.8 Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he [is] thy brother: and thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.9 The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation.

It is believed by author that the prohibition of Ammonite and a Moabite  to enter the house of God is related to marriage issues discussed in book of Ezra and Nehemiah.

 

It is informed in Book of Nehemiah that Bene Israel gathered in congregation and prayed:

 

Blessed be your glorious name, and may it be exalted above all blessing and praise. You alone are the LORD. You made the heavens, even the highest heavens, and all their starry host, the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them. You give life to everything, and the multitudes of heaven worship you. ”You are the LORD God, who chose Abram and brought him out of Ur of the Chaldeans and named him Abraham.  You found his heart faithful to you, and you made a covenant with him to give to his descendants the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Jebusites and Girgashites. You have kept your promise because you are righteous. -Nehemiah 9

 

 

Nehemiah is referring to the following verses in Genesis:

 

To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river,the Euphrates the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites.”. – Genesis 15:18 – 21

 

Table: Intermarriages Prohibition

Genesis 15 Deuteronomy 7 Ezra 9 Nehemiah 9
Kenites
Kenizzites
Kadmonites
Hittites Hittites Hittites Hittites
Perizzites Perizzites Perizzites Perizzites
Rephaites
Amorites Amorites Amorites Amorites
Canaanites Canaanites Canaanites Canaanites
Girgashites Girgashites Girgashites Girgashites
Jebusites Jebusites Jebusites Jebusites
Ammonites
Moabites
Egyptians
Hivites

In table above list the nations with whom inter marriages are forbidden. The column one and four  list the nations which God gifted to Abraham as reported in Genesis and Nehemiah. Column two list the nations with whom inter marriages are forbidden as commanded by God in Deuteronomy. Column three list the nations which were problematic in connections with the Priest and leaders marriages during the Second Temple period when Ezra, the scribe was controlling the affairs of Temple. We know that Abraham married an Egyptian women, Joseph married Egyptian woman and Moses married Moabite woman. At the end of book of Nehemiah, we have been informed that Nehemiah saw the Jews who had married the Ashdodites, Ammonites and Moabite women. In his anger Nehemiah pulled those Jews, even plucked out their hairs. Nehemiah mentioned the sins of Solomon in marrying unholy nations but said nothing on the marriages of Moses, Joseph and Abraham.  We can simply infer from this information that both Ezra and Nehemiah added the Amorites, Moabites, Egyptians and Ashdodites in the list of intermarriage Prohibition.

 

According to book of Nehemiah, the Eliasib (the grandson of Joshua the high priest in time of Zerrubabel) and Meshullam the son of Berekiah , the son of Meshezabel both were involved in the inter-marriage with surrounding nations and committed the sin of corrupting the holy seed. Eliasib the priest was relative of Tobiah (Neh 13:4),  and the grandson of Eliasib had married the daughter of Sanballat the Horonitte (Neh13:28). Both Tobiah and Sanballat were arch enemies of Nehemiah. No wonder that Nehemiah had removed his opponents by disparaging them on marriage issues. Not only  that Nehemiah also removed them from the temple personnel. This was the beginning of the schism in Judaism. Josephus has written in Antiquities (XI 306-312) that Manasseh the brother of high priest Jaddua married Nikaso, daughter of Sanballat, governor of Samaria. Meshullam the son of Berekiah the son of Meshezabel and Tobiah were close relatives (Nehemiah 6:17-18). Both Meshullam and Eliasb had helped Nehemiah in Wall construction project. It is clear that they were deceived in this project and Nehemiah like Ezra has not revealed his motives in beginning. Because of this politics in early second temple  period, the schism occurred. The anti-Ezra group decided to make a new temple in parallel to Jerusalem. The site they selected was the MountGerizim in  Shechem (Nablus) part of Samaria, which was under Sanballat control[1]. The Jews of Samaria were later appeared as a separate sect called Samaritan Jews[2].

 

Ezra and Nehemiah wanted to through non-Jews out of Temple. On the other side, Prophet Zechariah in the early Second Temple Period claimed that God promised that:

 

‘In those days ten men from all the nations will grasp the garment of a Jew, saying, “Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you. (Zech. 8:23)

 

Nehemiah made the wall surrounding city within 52 days. On the contrary Zechariah also said that God has instructed not to make Jerusalem a walled-city.

 

Jerusalem will be inhabited without walls because of the multitude of men and cattle within it.

(Zech. 2:4)

 

The voice of Zechariah was silenced by brutally killing him near Altar in Temple (Mathew 23).

 

In Gospel of John[3] a conversation is reported between the Samaritan Jewish women and the Prophet Jesus:

 

The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet.  Our fathers worshipped in this mountain[4]; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him.    God [is] a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship [him] in spirit and in truth. The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am [he].

 

Jesus thus proclaimed that neither the Jew in Jerusalem nor the Jews at MountGerizim were worshipping the God in true spirit. Samaritan woman also called Jesus Prophet and inquired about Messiah, on which Jesus said that he is the Messiah.

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 10 “When you’ll go out encamped against your enemies, you shall be watchful against any bad thing. 11 If there will be among you a man who will not be pure by a night occurrence, then he shall go outside the camp. He shall not come inside the camp. 12 And it shall be: toward evening he shall wash in water, and when the sun sets he shall come inside the camp. 13 And you shall have a
location outside the camp, and you shall go out there, outside; 14 and you shall have a spade among your equipment, and it shall be, when you sit outside, that you shall dig with it, and you shall go back and cover what comes out of you. 15 Because YHWH, your God, is going within your camp, to rescue you and to put your enemies in front of you, so your camp shall be holy, so He won’t see an
exposure of something in you and turn back from you.
16″you shall not turn over to his master a slave who will seek deliverance with you from his master. 17 He shall live with you, among you, in the place that he will choose in one of your gates, where it is good for him. You shall not persecute him.

 Dead Sea Scrolls

 [10 If one of you becomes unclean because of a nocturnal emission, he is to go outside the camp and must not come within the camp. 11 But when evening arrives he shall bathe himself in water; and when] the sun [sets] he can come back wi [thin the camp].

[12 You shall also have a place outside the camp] where you can go to relieve yourself; 13 and [you shall have] a spade [among your tools, and when you sit down] outside you shall dig with it a[nd rest]ore and cover [your excrement. 14 For the LORD] your [God] walks in the midst of your camp, to sa[ve you and to deliver your enemies before you; this is why your camp shall b]e holy, so that he may not s[ee anything indecent among you and turn away from you].

15 You shall [not] ha[nd ba]ck [to his master] a sjlave who has run away from his master to you. 16 He can live with you, in your midst, in any place that he chooses in anyone of your towns, wherever he likes-you shall not oppress him]. 17 No[ne of the daughters ofIsrael] shall be [a cult prostitute, nor shall any of the sons of Israel be a cult prostitute.

 

 Samaritan Deuteronomy10 When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.

11 If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp:

12 But it shall be, he shall wash his flesh in water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp [again].

13 Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad:

14 And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee:

15 For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.

16 Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee:

17 He shall dwell with thee, [even] among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.

 

 

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 18 “There shall not be a sacred prostitute from the daughters of Israel, and there shall not be a sacred prostitute from the sons of Israel. 19 you shall not bring the price of a prostitute or the cost of a dog to the house of YHWH, your God, for any vow, because the two of them are both an offensive thing ofYHWH. 20 “You shall not require interest for your brother: interest of money, interest of food, interest of anything that one might charge. 21 For a foreigner you may require it, but for your brother you shall not require it, so that YHWH, your God, will bless you in everything your hand has taken on, on the land to which you’re  coming to take possession of it. 22 “When you’ll make a vow to YHWH, your God, you shall not delay to fulfill it, because YHWH, your God, will require it from you, and it will be a sin in you. 23 But if you desist from vowing, that will not be a sin in you. 24 You shall watch
what comes out of your lips and do
as you vowed to YHWH, your God, the contribution that you spoke with your mouth. 25 “When you’ll come into your neighbor’s vineyard, then you may eat
grapes
as you wish, your fill; but you shall not put any into your container.26 When you’ll come into your neighbor’s standing grain, then you may pluck ears with your hand; but you shall not lift a sickle at your neighbor’s grain.

 

 Dead Sea Scrolls

 18 You shall not bring the] wages of a prostitute [or the wages of a male prostitute into the house of the LORD yo]ur [God to pay any vow; for] both of these [are an abomination to the LORD your God]. [19 You shall not charge interest to your countryman-whether interest on money, interest on food, or interest on anything that] may accrue interest. [20 You may charge interest to a foreigner, but you shall not charge interest to your countryman], so that the LORD [your God] may bless you [in all that you put your hand to in the land which you are entering] to possess. [21 When you make a vow to the LORD your God, you shall not] be slow in
paying it, for [the LORD your God will] surely [hold you responsible] and there would be [sin in you]. 22 But if you refrain [from] vowing there shall be no s[in] in you. [23 You shall be ca]reful to perform what goes forth from your lips, just as you have vowed [to the LORD your God as a freewill offeri]ng what [you] have promised with your own mouth. 24 When you go into your neighbor’s vineyard, [you may eat] your [f]ill [of grapes for yourself], but you shall not pu[t] any in your basket. 25 When you go
into your neighbor’s [standing grain], then [you may] pl[uck the ears with your hands, but you shall] n[ot] put [a sickle] to your neighbor’s standing grain.

 Samaritan Deuteronomy18 There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel.

19  Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these [are] abomination unto the LORD thy God.

20  Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:

21 Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hands to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.

22 When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee.

23 But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.

24 That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; [even] a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.

25 When thou comest into thy neighbour’s vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put [any] in thy vessel.

26 When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour’s standing corn.

Prophet said:

Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 63, Number 258:

Narrated Abu Mas’ud:

The Prophet prohibited taking the price of a dog, the earnings of a soothsayer and the money earned by prostitution

 

Allah said surah Al-Baqarah 275-276

 

So whosoever receives an admonition from his Lord and stops eating Riba (usury) shall not be punished for the past; his case is for Allah (to judge); but whoever returns [to Riba (usury)], such are the dwellers of the Fire – they will abide therein. Allah will destroy Riba (usury) and will give increase for Sadaqat (deeds of charity, alms, etc.) And Allah likes not the disbelievers, sinners.

 

Allah said in surah Al-Maidah 62-63

And you see many of them (Jews) hurrying for sin and transgression, and eating illegal things [as bribes and Riba (usury), etc.]. Evil indeed is that which they have been doing. Why do not the rabbis and the religious learned men forbid them from uttering sinful words and from eating illegal things. Evil indeed is that which they have been performing.

 

 

 


[1] In Pentateuch the region is attributed to the people who used to rape the Jews! John Hyrcanus destroyed this temple on Mt.Gerizim in second century B.C.E.

 

[2] Samaritans claim that they are from the descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim.  According to Book of Chronicles (2 Chr 34:9), Temple repairs at the time of Josiah were financed by moneys from all “the remnant of Israel” in Samaria, including from Manasseh, Ephraim and Benjamin. This indicates that before Second Temple Period they also used to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem. The schism that occurred in Nehemiah era has brought them out of Jerusalem and Samaritan Jews developed the holiness of Mount Gerizim

[3] John 4:20- 26

[4] Mount Gezirim

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy    1 When a man will take a woman and marry bet; and it will be that, if  she does not find favor in his eyes because he has found an exposure of something in her, and he will write a document of cutting-off for her and put it in her hand and let her go from his house, 2 and she will go out from his house and go
and become another man’s,  3 and the latter man will hate her and write a document of cutting-off for her and put it in her hand and let her go from his house,
or if the latter man who took her to him for a wife will die: 4 her first husband who let her go shall not be able to come back to take her to be his for a wife since she has been made impure, because that is an offensive thing in front of YHWH, and you shall not bring sin on the land that YHWH, your God, is giving you as a legacy.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  [1 If a man takes a wife and marries her, but she fin]ds [no] favor in his eyes because he has found something objectionable about her, [then he shall write her a bill of divorce and put it in her hand and] send her from his house. 2 She may then go and be [another] man’s [wife. 3 And if the latter husband who took her] to be his wife [dislikes her] and writes her a bill of divorce and puts it in her hand
and sends her from his house, [or if the latter husband] who took her to be his wife [dies], 4 her former husband, [who had sent her away], cannot take her again to be his wife after she has been defiled. For [tha]t is [an abomination] before the LORD; you shall not bring sin upon the land which the LORD your God is giving you [as an inheritance].
 
Samaritan Deuteronomy 1 When a man hath taken a wife, and known her, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give [it] in her hand, and send her out of his house.2 And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man’s [wife].3 And [if] the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth [it] in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her [to be] his wife;4 Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that [is] abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee [for] an inheritance.

 

Surah Al-Maidah 5

(Lawful to you in marriage) are chaste women from the believers and chaste women from those who were given the Scripture (Jews and Christians) before your time, when you have given their due Mahr (bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), desiring chastity (i.e. taking them in legal wedlock) not committing illegal sexual intercourse, nor taking them as girl-friends. And whosoever disbelieves in the Oneness of Allah and in all the other Articles of Faith [i.e. His (Allah’s), Angels, His Holy Books, His Messengers, the Day of Resurrection and Al-Qadar (Divine Preordainments)], then fruitless is his work, and in the Hereafter he will be among the losers.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 5 When a man will take a new wife, he shall not go out in the army and not go along with it for any matter. He shall be free at his house for one year and shall make his wife whom he has taken happy. 6 One shall not take a mill or an upper millstone as security, because he is taking one’s life as security. 7 When a man will be found stealing a person from among his brothers, from the children of Israel, so he will get profit through him and sell him, then that thief shall die. So you shall burn away what is bad from among you. 8 Be watchful with the plague of leprosy, to be very watchful and to do according to everything that the Levite priests will instruct you. You shall be watchful to do according to what I commanded them. 9 Remember what YHWH, your God, did to Miriam on the way when you were coming out from Egypt. 10 When you’ll make a loan of anything to your neighbor, you shall not come into his house to get his pledge. 11 You shall stand outside, and the man to
whom you’re lending shall bring the pledge outside to you. 12
And if he is a poor man, you shall not lie down with his pledge. 13 you shall give back the pledge to him as the sun sets, and he’ll lie down with his clothing, and he’ll bless you,  and you’ll have virtue in front of YHWH, your God.  
Dead Sea Scrolls  5 When a man takes a new wife, he shall not go out with the army, nor shall he be charged an[y duty]; for one year he shall be free at home and be happy with the wife he has marr[ied]. 6 N[o one shall tak]e [a mi]ll or an upper millstone [as a pledge]; for he would be taking a man’s life in pledge. 7 If a man is found kidn[apping any of his countrymen from the] Israel [ites,
and mi]streats him or sells him, then [that] thi[ef] shall die. [So you shall purge the evil from your midst]. 8 Guard [against an outbreak of] leprosy by taking care to observe and a[ct according to all that the Levitical priests teach you; just as] I [commanded] th[ em, so you shall take care to do. 9 Remember what the LORD your God did to Miriam along the road as you came out of Egypt].
[10 When you make your neighbor a] lo[an of any kind, you shall not go into his house to take his pledge. 11 You shall stand outside, and the man to whom you are lending] shall bring [the pledge] out t[ O you. 12 And if he is a poor man, you shall not go to sleep with his pledge in your possession; 13 you shall certainly restore to him] the pledge when the sun goes down, [so that he may sleep in his garment and bless you .. And it will be regarded as a righteous act by you before the LORD your God].  
Samaritan Deuteronomy 5 When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: [but] he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.6 No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh [a man’s] life to pledge.7 If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.8 Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all the law that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, [so] ye shall observe to do.9  Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.10 When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.11 Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.12 And if the man [be] poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:13 In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.

 

Masoretic Deuteronomy 14 You shall not exploit a poor or an indigent employee, from your brothers or from your aliens who are in your land, in your gates. 15 you shall give his pay  in his day, and the sun shall not set on it-because he is poor, and he maintains  his life by it-so he won’t call against you to YHWH, and it will be a sin in you. 16 Fathers shall not be put to death for sons, and sons shall not be put to death for fathers. They shall each be put to death through his own sin. 17 you shall not bend judgment of an alien or an orphan, and you shall not
take a widow’s clothing as security.
18 And you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and YHWH, your God, redeemed you from there. On account of this I command you to do this thing. 19 When you’ll reap your harvest in your field, and you’ll forget a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to take it. It
shall be the alien’s and the orphan’s and the widows, so that YHWH, your God, will bless you in all your handswork. 20 When you’ll beat your olive trees, you shall not do a bough afterward. It shall be the aliens and the orphan’s and the widows. 21 When youll cut off grapes of your vineyard, you shall not glean afterward. It shall be the alien’s and the orphan’s and the widow‘s. 22 And you shall
remember that you were
a slave in the land of Egypt. On account of this I command you to do this thing.
Dead Sea Scrolls  14 You shall not take advantage of a hired servant who is poor and needy, [whether he is one] of [your] country[men, or of your foreigners who reside in your land in your towns. 15 You shall pay him his wages each day, before] the sun [goes down] on it, for he is poor and [sets his heart o]n [it. Otherwise he may cry to the LORD against you, and it would become s]in [in you].  16 Parent[s] shall not be put to death [for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their par]ents; each [shall be put to death] for [his own] sin. [17 You shall not pervert the justice that is due to resident aliens or to orphans, nor shall you take a] widow’s [clothi]ng [as a pledge]. 18 Remember that [you] w[ere] a slave [in Egypt, and the LORD your God redeemed you from there; therefo]re I command you to do this thing. [19 When you reap your harvest in your field, and have forgotten] a sheaf in the field, you shall not go again to retrieve it. It shall be left for the foreigner, the orphan [and the widow, so that the LORD] your God [may bless you] in all the work of your hands. 20 When you beat [your] ojlive tree, you shall not go over the boughs again]; this shall be [for the foreigner, the orph]an and the widow. 21 When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, [you shall] not [glean what is left over]. This is [for the foreigner, the orphan and the widow]. 22 And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Eg[ypt; therefore I command you to do this thing].
Samaritan Deuteronomy 14 Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant [that is] poor and needy, [whether he be] of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that [are] in thy land within thy gates:15 At his day thou shalt give [him] his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he [is] poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee.16 The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.17 Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, [nor] of the fatherless; nor take a widow’s raiment to pledge:18  But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.19  When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.20 When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.21  When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean [it] afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.22 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.

As we have analysed, the wisdom and knowledge contained in these verse of Torah are also supported by the Prophet of Islam. The Quran and Sayings of Prophet in fact revealed that Prophet had followed Torah[1] even though it was only available to selected few at that time. The Jews kept it in a scroll and recited it in Hebrew. Quran not only endorsed the Torah but in its essence it add on to the Divine Wisdom.  Muslim thus have more elaborated book then Torah and  need to go back and consult Torah was not needed.

It is explained that the Deuteronomic Law code in chapter 12 to 24 is very similar to teachings of Islam and practice of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. Laws of Moses discussed in Quranic verses also occur in these chapters. Even before Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, the biblical Prophets and God fearing Jews followed these verses.

Quran says that

Say (O Muhammad ) “O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians)! You have nothing  till you act according to the Taurat (Torah), the Injeel (Gospel), and what has (now) been sent down to you from your Lord (the Qur’an).” Verily, that which has been sent down to you (Muhammad ) from your Lord increases in many of them their obstinate rebellion and disbelief. So be not sorrowful over the people who disbelieve.

It is explained that the original Torah was not comprised of five books but was only one single book. People added text before and after the Torah’s original chapters. Not only that they added their own verses, which made Torah distinctly racial at some places.

[1] Like ruling on Adultery and Treason